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  • 28 June 2019 Volume 28 Issue 3
      
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  • Research of expression of NHEJ pathway related genes in brain injury induced by ionizing radiation
    LI Mei, LIU Mengya, WANG Xingang, HUANG Liqun, SUN Ge, YIN Jingjing, QIN Xiujun
    2019, 28(3): 223-227. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.001
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    Objective To study the expression of the genes associated with the NHEJ pathway in brain injury induced by ionizing radiation on the head of rats at different doses. Methods Using medical electron accelerator to irradiate on SD rats at doses of 10Gy, 20 Gy and 30 Gy, and the total RNA in animal hippocampus tissue was extracted 30 days after exposure. The RNA of 30Gy irradiation group was extracted in 6 h, 24 h, 72 h, 7 d and 30 d after exposure. The expression of XRCC4, XRCC5 and XRCC6 genes in the NHEJ pathway wasstudied using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Results The expression of genes XRCC4, XRCC5 and XRCC6 associated with DNA repair in irradiated rat hippocampus wasup-regulated. The expression levels of the genes XRCC4, XRCC5 and XRCC6 in the 20 Gy group were higher than those in 10 Gy and 30 Gy groups; The expression of XRCC4 reached the highest level 7 days after exposure, while the expression of XRCC5 and XRCC6 genes reached the highest level 6h after exposure, and the expression levels of XRCC4, XRCC5 and XRCC6 genes reached the lowest level 30 days after exposure. Conclusion The expression of genes XRCC4, XRCC5 and XRCC6 associated with DNA damage repair in the NHEJ pathway at different dose points and at different timepoints after exposure to brain injury caused by radiation was found to be raised. It indicated that the body repaired DNA double strand through NHEJ pathway at 6 h, 24 h, 72 h, 7 days and 30 days after 10, 20, 30 Gy irradiation and the most powerful repair ability was performed at 6 h and 7 days after exposure.
  • Protective-effects of gallic acid on ionizing irradiated mice in hematopoietic system
    SUN Huijuan, SUO Tingting, REN Dongqing, ZHAO Tao
    2019, 28(3): 228-231,234. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.002
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    Objective To investigate protective effects of gallic acid on 60Co-γ ray radiation induced hematopoietic system injuries of mice. Methods ICR mice and BALB/c mice, divided into 5 groups:control group, ray radiation group, 100 mg/kg GA+ γ ray radiation group,200 mg/kg GA+γ ray radiation group,WR-2721+γ ray radiation group. Observed the spleen weights,spleen indexes, CFU-spleen,RBC, WBC,LYM,PLT counts in the peripheral blood of mice and the expression level of Bax,Bcl-2,P53 and Caspase3 in spleen of mice were observed too. Results GA(100 mg/kg,200 mg/kg)could decreased the injury of the spleen weights, GA(200 mg/kg)could increased the spleen indexe and colony forming units induced by 60Co-γ ray irradiation compared with the control group significantly(P<0.05). GA(100 mg/kg,200 mg/kg) could weakend the the injury of RBC,WBC,PLT counts in blood induced by 60Co-γ ray irradiation significantly (P<0.05). GA(100 mg/kg,200 mg/kg) could reduced the rate of Bax/Bcl-2 significantly (P<0.05), but have no significant on the expression of p53 and Caspase3(P>0.05). Conclusion GA has protective effect on 60Co-γ ray radiation induced mice injuries; the mechanism may be related to the reduction of hematopoietic system injury and cell apoptosis induced by irradiation.
  • Analysis of micronucleus rate in peripheral blood lymphocytes of radiation workers in Guizhou Province
    LONG Gaoqun, ZHANG Chengsi, JIANG Hong
    2019, 28(3): 232-234. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.003
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    Objective To understand the health status of radiation workers in Guizhou Province and provide a scientific basis for ensuring the health of radiation workers in Guizhou Province. Methods For radiation workers exposed to chronic low-dose ionizing radiation for a long time and college students not exposed to radiation for half a year, peripheral blood lymphocyte were cultured, prepared, detected and statistically analyzed. Results The detection rate of micronucleus in radiation workers was significantly higher than that of the control group, with statistically significant (P<0.01). The micronucleus rate of peripheral blood lymphocytes of workers with different types of radiation work or different radiation ages had significant difference (P<0.01). There was no statistically significant difference between workers with different genders (P>0.01). Conclusion Long-term low-dose ionizing radiation has a certain impact on the health of radiation workers. It is necessary to train protection knowledge and enhance radiation protection.
  • Analysis of the first occupational health surveillance of workers in nuclear power system from 2011 to 2017
    MA Jiying, BI Jing, FENG Wenting, WANG Wei, ZHENG Hongju, LI Qianlan, XIAO Luomin
    2019, 28(3): 235-238. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.004
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    Objective To analyze the health status of nuclear power system workers and provide some scientific and reasonable health information for formulating health management. Methods The physical examination data of nuclear power system workers from Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Disease from 2011 to 2017 were selected to analyze the changes in the past 7 years. Results During the period from 2011 to 2017, there were no suspected occupational diseases among the nuclear power system workers who underwent the first physical examination, 527 workers were diagnosed with occupational contraindication, 170 workers did not have abnormal diseases,and more than 95% of the workers detected other diseases or abnormal symptoms every yearfrom 2011 to 2017.The change of each target disease was statistically significant within 7 years. The highest proportion of occupational contraindications was radiation workers, but the highest detection rate was high-pressure workers. Physical examination items with high abnormal rate mainly include ophthalmology, blood routine examination, electrocardiogram, B-mode ultrasonography of liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen, pure tone audiometry, liver function, blood lipid and routine examination of ear, nose and throat. Conclusion There are some problems in the health status of workers in nuclear power system,which should be paid close attentionby the industry management department and further strengthen the health monitoring of the system staff.
  • Bibliometric analysis on micronucleus rate of radiation workers study in China from 2007 to 2017
    YANG Zhiqun, ZHENG Zhuoling, LIN Jian, Wang Jianhua, TAN Qiang
    2019, 28(3): 239-241,244. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.005
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    Objective To analyze the current situation and development trend of studies on micronucleus rate of peripheral blood lymphocyte of radiation workers in China from 2007 to 2017. Methods By searching CNKI, VIP information Chinese journal service platform and Wanfang database, we collected and sorted out the research literature on micronucleus rate of peripheral blood lymphocyte of radiation workers in China, and bibliometric methods were used to analyze the literature on the micronucleus rate of peripheral blood lymphocytes in radiation workers from 2007 to 2017. Results From 2007 to 2017, there were 60 research literatures on micronucleus rate of peripheral blood lymphocyte of radiation workers published in 25 journals, 11 of which were core journals (44.00%). The relevant literature comes from 58 institutions, mainly Occupational Disease Prevention Institutions and Universities (56.90% and 25.87% respectively). The research subject of micronucleus rate of radiation workers includes Epidemiology, Genetics, Radiological Hygiene, Diagnostics and so on. Among which, the five key words of radiation workers, micronucleus, micronucleus rate, chromosome aberration and ionizing radiation appear most frequently in the literature. Relevant research focuses on the investigation and analysis of micronucleus rate of peripheral blood lymphocyte in radiation workers. Ten papers (16.67%) were funded. And among the 58 institutions involved in micronuclear rate research of radiation workers, there are 8 institutions (13.80%) funded. Conclusion The damage prevention and control of radiation workers' health in China still need to be strengthened.
  • Analysis of chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes of some radiation workers in Shandong Province
    SONG Xueshu, DONG Zhenqiang, SUN Bingmei, YU Weisong, ZHANG Hua, SUN Xiaowei, CHEN Jing, CHEN Yanxia
    2019, 28(3): 242-244. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.006
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    Objective To understand the chromosome aberrations of peripheral blood lymphocytes of some radiation workers in Shandong Province, and provide theoretical basis for occupational health monitoring and follow-up work of radiation workers. Methods A total of 819 radiation workers were randomly selected from the institutions for occupational health examinations from 2016 to 2017, aged 22 to 59 years, including 190 industrial application groups (industrial flaw detection, nuclear power plants), and 629 medical application groups (radiation diagnosis, treatment, nuclear medicine, intervention, etc.), for the observation group; 100 people were selected as the control group. According to the "Detection and Evaluation of Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Chromosome Aberration", chromosome aberration analysis and results were determined. SPSS 22.0 statistical software was used for analysis. The count data was expressed as a percentage, and the ratio was compared by χ2 test. The difference was statistically significant at P<0.05. Results The total chromosome aberration rate (0.11%) of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group (0.03%), and the difference was statistically significant. No abnormalities were found in 100 patients in the control group and other medical application groups. In the observation group, 1 case of dicentric chromosomal aberrations wasfound in 190 people from the industrial application group,and 2 cases of double centromere aberrationfound in 56 interventional medical workers, 3 abnormalities were found in the observation group. Conclusion The chromosomal aberration rate of peripheral blood lymphocytes in some radiation workers in Shandong Province was significantly higher than that of the normal population. The abnormal rate of chromosomal aberrations in the intervention group wassignificantly higher than that of other radiation workers.
  • Analysis of abnormal results of personal dose monitoring for some radiation workers in Nanjing from 2015 to 2017
    YANG Sheng, LI Hongyan, YAN Qingqian
    2019, 28(3): 245-247. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.007
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    Objective To analyze the abnormal data in personal dose monitoring of radiation workers in Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention from 2015 to 2017. Methods Thermoluminescence measuring method was used to detect personal dosimeters. When the single monitoring result exceededs 1.25 mSv, the "Dose verification registration form for individual monitoring of occupational external exposure" was issued. The abnormal dose and its causes were aggregated and analyzed by excel. Results One hundred and sixty-six cases of abnormal doses of individuals were recorded from 2015 to 2017 in Nanjing, most of which were below 5mSv. The main reasons for the abnormal dose included that the dosimeter left in the radiation workplace, wearing the expired dosimeter, and wearing a dosimeter to receive radiation examination, accounting for 75.90% of the total abnormal dose. Conclusion Strengthening the training of radiation protection knowledge and instructing radiation workers to correctly wear and using the personal dosimeters is the priority areas of our work.
  • Discussion on medical technical support group of medical rescue team for nuclear accidents
    LI Dongang, YIN Aimin
    2019, 28(3): 248-250. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.008
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    Objective In order to improve support capability of medical technical support group and provide more powerful supports for nuclear accident medical rescue work. Methods The current situation and needs of medical technical support group of nuclear accident medical rescue team were analyzed. Results At present, there are some shortcomings in the construction of medical technical support group for nuclear accidents, which need to be further improved. Conclusion The medical technical support group of nuclear accident medical rescue team should strengthen its construction and improve its capacity from four aspects:personnel quality, optimization of the structure and process of the support group, improvement of the support function and strengthening of the adaptability of the support group.
  • A study on simulation test and dose estimation of mobile X-ray industrial inspection accident site
    GUO Yao, CHEN Fengjiao, SHI Ruifen, LIANG Jianyi, XIE Yingqing, DONG Xuemei, CHEN Songgen
    2019, 28(3): 251-253. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.009
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    Objective To explore the simulation detection of mobile X-ray inspection accident site and estimate the radiation dose of workers. Methods The hygiene investigation, engineering analysis and case investigation on accident course and site were investigated, and the accident cause and subsequent problems were comprehensively analyzed. Results When installing the steam pipe network, the energy company hired a third-party inspection company to conduct X-ray industrial flaw detection on pipe network, resulting in the suspected industrial exposure of 87 site workers. According to the on-site simulated reduction detection, the radiation dose equivalent rate was 1 680 μSv/h around 1m away from the flaw detector by the radiation dosimeter, and the X-ray dose rate 4.1 μSv/h around 20 meters away from the flaw detector, and workers would receive the cumulative dose of 14 μSv. Radiation emergency physical examination of 87 workers showed no abnormality. Conclusion This case occurred because the inspection and testing company did not fulfill the obligation of informing before implementing radiation hazards and carried out it randomly. The investor and the employer failed to fulfill the supervision responsibility, which caused the site works to be afraid of radiation and think that they were exposed by mistake, leading to the occurrence of mass incidents. Relevant enterprises should improve the management system and conscientiously perform their respective responsibilities; Strengthen the training and education of radiation protection knowledge for employees to eliminate panic mentality.
  • Survey and analysis on application frequency of medical exposure in Jiangsu Province in 2016
    YU Ningle, WANG Jin, MA Jiayi, WANG Furu, CHEN Wei, DU Xiang, YANG Chunyong
    2019, 28(3): 254-256,261. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.010
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    Objective To investigate the increasing frequency of medical exposure in Jiangsu Province and to develop an efficient method for the investigation. Methods Thirty-one medical facilities were randomly chosen to study the application frequency of medical exposure in the year of 2016. A multivariate linear regression model was built based on three independent variables (number of staff, numbers of outpatient and inpatient) to predict the frequency of medical exposure in Jiangsu Province. Results The frequency of medical exposure in Jiangsu Province was 926.62 person·times per thousand population including 911.70 person·times of X-ray diagnostic radiology, 1.85 person·times of radiotherapy and 7.97 person·times of nuclear medicine application per thousand population, respectively. The 5-year increasing rates of, CT scan, radiotherapy and nuclear medicine wer 158%, 58.7% and 107%. Conclusion Multivariate regression method performs better than univariate regression. Further investigations need to be done due to the limitation of sample. The frequencies of CT scan and nuclear medicine increased fast, medical radiation protection should be strengthened to maximize the benefits of medical exposure.
  • Investigation of the radiation utilization frequency for diagnosis and treatment in Luannan County in 2016
    MA Enhong, FANG Yumei, WANG Chunbo, DU Junhua
    2019, 28(3): 257-261. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.011
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    Objective To understand the application level of radiation diagnosis and treatment in luanan County, master the general trend of medical irradiation in luanan County, find out the radiation health problems in time, and reduce the possible radiation hazards to individuals and groups. Methods Self-made questionnaire was used to investigate the information of all units of medical X-ray diagnosis,CT diagnosis, interventional radiology and radiotherapy in Luannan County. Results The frequency of radiation diagnosis and treatment in the county was 554.94 person-times/thousand population; The highest frequency came from ordinary X-ray photography inspection of 293.95 person-times/thousand population, followed by CT, the frequency of related inspection was 195.43 person-times/thousand population, and the frequency of perspective examination was 45.34 person-times/thousand population; Conventional X-ray photography, CT scanning, and dental photography accounted for the highest proportion in secondary hospitals, and X-ray perspective accountedfor the maximum proportion in medical examination institutions; The chest position was the most common in X-ray photography, accounting for 46.23% of ordinary X-ray photography; Considering Age & GT,the age group over 40 accounted for 55.47% of ordinary X-ray photography; the brain accountedfor 56.17% of all CT scans, 23.61% for the chest, 15.11% for the abdomen; the age group over 40 accounted for 72.61%, and the children's CT scan was mainly brain, accounting for 55.39%. Conclusion The frequency level of radiation diagnosis and treatment, and the present situation of related equipment resources in luanan county are higher than those in other counties and districts across the country, but "Internet +" and "Big data" should be used rationally for the county's radiation diagnosis and treatment services.
  • Status analysis of radiological health standards about medical radiation protection for radiological diagnosis
    XUE Ru, JU Jinxin, CHEN Erdong
    2019, 28(3): 262-266. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.012
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    Objective To provide reasonable comments and suggestions on the standards and standardization about medical radiation protection for radiological diagnosis. Methods Based on the radiation protection principles implemented in medical exposure, analyze the current situation of radiological protection standards in China, and put forward reasonable suggestions. Results Until December 2018, there were 21 radiological protection standards about medical exposure for radiological diagnosis. The contents were relatively comprehensive and covered almost all aspects required by the radiation protection principles for the application of radiological diagnosis. Conclusion The radiological protection standards about medical exposure for radiological diagnosis in China are relatively complete, and the contents are also comprehensive. Further improvements should be made in the diagnostic reference levels and testing of the quality control for equipment,etc.
  • Results and analysis of the target dose verification for photon radiotherapy
    LU Feng, CHEN Yingmin, SONG Gang, LI Hailiang, CHEN Rui, DENG Daping
    2019, 28(3): 267-270. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.013
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    Objective To understand present situation of the deviation between the planned and measured target doses in photon radiotherapy, analyze the causes of deviation in order to promote the quality control. Methods According to methods in the Technical report 277 of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 8 medical electron accelerators, 8 head gamma knife device, 3 helical tomographic radiotherapy device and 3 robotic arm radiotherapy device were selected, and a total of 31 point doses at centers of the target areas were studied. The instruments used in the measurements included the UNIDOS dosimeter and the 0.125cc ionization chamber (Model 31010) produced by the PTW and the quality control phantom (RTP-HB1) developed by the Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences. If the deviation is within±5%, the results is judged to be qualified. Results The total qualified rate was 90.3%. Among them, the qualified rates are 92.3%, 87.5% and 100% for the accelerator, the gamma knife and others, respectively. Conclusion The overall qualified rate is relatively high, but it is still necessary to strengthen the quality control of radiotherapy.
  • A survey of examinee doses in dental X-ray examinations
    FENG Zechen, ZHANG Zhibin, WANG Hongfang, BAI Bin, ZHAO Sijing, SHI Hongmei, ZHAO Hongfeng, LOU Yun
    2019, 28(3): 271-275. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.014
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    Objective To investigate the dose range of examinees in dental X-ray examinations, and provide advice for optimizing dose to reduce the radiation risk of dental X-ray examination. Methods The Raysafe X2 and PTW Diamentor CX were used to investigate the incident air kerma and air kerma area product(KAP) of the intraoral dental X-ray machine. The PTW Diamentor CX were used to investigate air kerma area product(KAP) of the extraoral dental X-ray machine.The measurements were done at 6 medical institutions in Beijing. Results The incident air kerma of the intraoral dental X-ray examinationsranged from 0.57 mGy to 2.95 mGy, and the KAP ranged from 13.2 mGy·cm2 to 70.8 mGy·cm2. The KAP of the panoramaranged from 54.2 mGy·cm2 to 139.4 mGy·cm2, and the KAP of the cephlometricsranged 24.8 mGy·cm2 to 83.6 mGy·cm2, and the KAP of the CBCT ranged 714.7 mGy·cm2 to 3 791.5 mGy·cm2. Conclusion According to the purpose of diagnosis, the type of examination with low radiation risk should be selected. The appropriate parameters should be selected according to the required image quality. Establishing the diagnostic reference level through thedose investigation is an important means of protection optimization.
  • Investigation and analysis of current status of medical radiation protection in medical institutions in Shigatse, Tibet, 2016
    WU Fang, XIE Borong, ZHANG Qiang, DAWA Zhaxi, YAN Xianmeng
    2019, 28(3): 276-277,285. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.015
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    Objective To overall understand the status of medical radiation protection in Shigatse Prefecture, Tibet. Methods The questionnaire was conducted on the basis situation of medical institutions undergoing X-ray diagnosis. Meanwhile, the radiation in workplace and the performance of radiological diagnostic equipment were monitored according to the relevant standards. Results Thirteen equipment and thirteen radiation workplace from five hospitals were monitored in this survey.The gross qualified rate was 86.62%. Among them, the qualified rates of DR, CT and image enhancement fluoroscopy machine were 80%,100% and 75%,respectively. The deviation of exposure time indicationin DR and the entrance air kerma rate of fluoroscopy machine were the main unqualified parameters. The personal protective article was averaged to be only 1.3 per set of device. Conclusion The personal protective articles were not enough in the five hospitals and the self-protection awareness of radiation was lacked. Monitoring of radiation workplaces and X-ray diagnostic equipment were not fully executed as required by the relevant standards. The management and examination must be enforced.
  • Measurement and analysis of radiation dose for staff and radiation level in related places in PET-CT diagnostic project
    LIU Wei, HE Xing
    2019, 28(3): 278-281. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.016
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    Objective To understand the radiation dose of staff in PET-CT diagnostic project and the radiation level in relevant places, and to provide scientific basis for reducing the radiation dose of staff and improving the radiation protection measures of PET-CT diagnostic project. Methods Measure the ambient dose equivalent rate around the workplace, the level of surface contamination and the exposure dose to workers in PET-CT workplaces according to relevant national standards, and estimate the hand and eye doses according to the relevant test results and the maximum workload. Results The radiation level (0.12~6.05 mSv/h) and beta surface contamination level (background~27.3 Bq/cm2) in PET-CT workplaces and the maximum annual effective dose (1.58 mSv/a) of staff in three hospitals meet the national standard limits, and the maximum annual equivalent dose (154 mSv/a) of the hand of the partitioned and injected nurses exceeds the management target value (125 mSv/a). Conclusion Hospitals should establish specific protective measures to raise staff's awareness of radiation protection and reduce additional doses to staff.
  • The exposure dose of lens in maxillofacial panoramic examination
    GAO Zeyu, WANG Lihua, LI Tengfei, ZHU Jianguo, YANG Shuhui
    2019, 28(3): 282-285. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.017
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    Objective To measure and analyse the exposure dose of lens in maxillofacial panoramic examination. Methods Simulate the exposure dose of lens in maxillofacial panoramic examination by using head mold and thermoluminescence dosimeter. Results The average exposure dose of lens in maxillofacial panoramic examination is 46.37 μSv. It can be reduced to 3.48 μSv by using protective equipment. Conclusion The lens should be protected reasonably in maxillofacial panoramic examination.Effective protection can reduce the dose of lens exposure by 92.5%.
  • Survey on incident surface doses to adult patients from radiography examination in Jiangxi
    ZHOU Ning, DENG Lei, TAN Li, WANG Zhe, LIU Liying, CHEN Yishui, ZHU Ruokai
    2019, 28(3): 286-289. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.018
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    Objective To investigate the incident body surface dose level of subjects caused by X-ray examinations in Jiangxi province in 2017, and to elaborate the current situation of medical radiation of X-ray diagnosis in Jiangxi province. Methods 20 hospitals were randomly selected from 6 prefecture-level cities, Nanchang、Shangrao、Ganzhou、Pingxiang、Yichun and Jiujiang to measure ESD values of different irradiation sites of 1 273 examined individuals by using thermonoluminescence dosimeters. Results In 2017, the ESD values range of subjects caused by computer X-ray photography (CR) and digital X-ray photography (DR) in Jiangxi province was 0.08~17.81 mGy and 0.04~30.91 mGy, respectively. The entrance surface doses to adult patients from X-ray examinations were 0.07~2.40 mGy for chest AP,0.13~7.27 mGy for chest LAT,0.33~23.29 mGy for lumbar spine AP, 0.62~30.91 mGy for lumbar spine LAT,0.09~1.69 mGy for cervical spine AP,0.10~1.79 for cervical spine LAT,0.29~23.46 mGy for pelvic and hip joint, respectively. Conclusion 75% percentile of ESD to chest LAT was higher than the guidance levels of medical radiation exposure. The ESD values of some exposed parts decreased significantly compared with the survey during the 9th National Five-Year Plan period. The ESD values caused by DR photography is higher than CR, and measures should be taken to reduce the radiation dose of subjects caused by DR photography.
  • Analysis of radiation dose for PET/CT nurse at a hospital
    TANG Mengjian, QIN Zhiying, WU Yingyu, XIE Ping
    2019, 28(3): 290-291,306. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.019
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    Objective In this study,significant data on radiation protection obtained by recordingthe whole-body and the fingerradiation dose of nurses engaged in injection inthe PET/CT room,to implement some techniquesfor the radiation protection of the nurses. Methods Thethermoluminescence dosimeter (TDL) worn on the left and right fingersof two nurses, placed on the outside and inside of the lead-based shielding vestments of the left chest to measure the radiation dose.The average exposure dose of one injection and the protective effect of lead-based shielding vestment can be calculated by the numbers of injects and the dose of the nurses during the monitoring period. Results The exposed dose of the left fingers of the two nurses was largerthan that of the right finger, and the average dose of one injection was 5.8~13.0μSv,the difference was0.4 to 0.8 times; The dose value ofthe inside of the vestment was less than that the outside, and the radiation attenuation rate of the vestment was between 2.8% and 6.6%. Conclusion For nurses engaged in 18F injection in the PET/CT room, the finger dose mainly depends on the number of injections, the dose of injection drugs and the proficiency in the injection. The protective effect of lead-based shielding vestment is very limited.The nurses can be effectively protected only by improving proficiency in injection operation and shortening the exposure time of 18Fradiation.
  • Research on a low altitude radiation measurement system with unmanned aerial vehicle
    GUO Luzhen, LIU Yang, LUO Zhiping, CHEN Ling, PANG Hongchao
    2019, 28(3): 292-295. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.020
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    Objective Developing a low altitude radiation measurement system(LARMS) based on the eight-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) and the homemade GM tube dose rate meter, which is used toquickly carry out radiation measurement andemergency radiation monitoring in a low altitude and small scale area. Methods The LARMS contains a system management software anddatabase built on the cloud server, awireless data module used for data communication,a digital map and global positioning moduleapplied to positioning and data show.The unmanned aerial vehicle used in the system can be controlled by manual operation or controlled by the ground station. Results After testing, the UAV can fly more than 30mins, the dose rate measurement range of the homemade GM tube dose rate meter is 100 nGy/h~10 Gy/h, the positioning accuracy of the LARMS is<10 m when tested by the 137Cs gamma point source, the minimum upload time of the measurement data and the GPS location data is 10s, and the monitoring data information and the location information of the unmanned aerial vehicle can be viewed in real time on the cloud server management and display software. Conclusion Confirmed by the experimental test, the LARMS can be operated flexibly and easily,used and maintained witha low cost in a small scale area for fine radiation measurement.
  • Study on radioactivity level of carbon-14 in air of Haiyang City
    ZHAO Xinjing, LIU Wenna, XU Kaiyan, XU Qian, DING Hongshen
    2019, 28(3): 296-298. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.021
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    Objective Through sampling and monitoring of carbon-14 in the ambient air of Haiyang City, the radioactivity level of carbon-14 in the ambient air of this area before operation of Haiyang Nuclear Power Plant was analyzed, so as to accumulate the historical data for the change of carbon-14 radioactivity level in the ambient air. Methods From August 2017 to July 2018, carbon-14 in the air was sampled monthly at four monitoring points in Haiyang, and a control point in Yantai urban district. Carbon-14 in the air was precipitated into calcium carbonate and dried to a constant weight. The counts of beta-rays emitted by carbon-14 was measured by liquid scintillation counter, then the concentration of carbon-14 radioactivity in the air can be calculate. Results The monitoring results of carbon-14 in the air of Haiyang City ranged from 0.17 to 0.31 Bq/g·C, with an average of 0.23 Bq/g·C. Conclusion The radioactivity concentration of carbon -14 in air of Haiyang City is generally in the normal level of environment.
  • Study on radioactivity of solid materials in development and utilization of southern ionic rare earths
    XU Mingfa, LAI Xiaojie, LIAO Yanqing, LU Dexiong, PENG Chong
    2019, 28(3): 299-302. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.022
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    Objective In order to understand the radioactivity level of various solid materials during the development and utilization of rare earth in the ion-type rare earth mining, ore dressing and smelting in the south, to promote the research work on the development of regulatory system for the regulation of the ion-type rare earth radiation environment in the south. Methods We selected and analyzedsolid material samples produced in various production process from multiple Guangxi local southern ion-adsorption rare earth separation industry. Results The level of natural radionuclides in raw ore and various products of ionic rare earthwas low. Uranium enriched in deslagging samplesin the mining process, thorium and radium enriched in acid-soluble slag samples in the separation process, and almost all samples' specify activity levels were over one Becquerel per gram (Bq/g). Neutralized residue samples' natural radioactive levels were lower than 1Bq/g, but uranium enrichment was identified in these samples. Conclusion Based on our findings and industrial management status, we propose to establish a systematic legal standard to regulate southern ion-adsorption rare earth industry.
  • Analysis of comparison results of γ-radiation dose rate measurement in Shandong Province in 2018
    WANG Xinxin, YU Meixiang, WANG Guihua
    2019, 28(3): 303-306. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.023
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    Objective In order to further improve the monitoring capacity of the national monitoring units of the radiation environment throughout the Province, to understand the performance status of γ-radiation dose rate monitoring instruments and the level of technicians, and to ensure the accuracy of radiation monitoring data. Methods In July 2018, shandong radiation environment management station organized the measurement comparison of environmental γ-radiation dose rate in jinan, and evaluated the results by a four-digit robust z-score numerical comparison. Results In the comprehensive evaluation of the instruments, 15 of the 16 detectors have satisfactory evaluation results,1 has problems, the acceptance rate is 93.8%, and the non-acceptance results are 0. Conclusion Through this activity, the monitoring capacity of the national control point monitoring units in the province was basically clarified, the differences among the units were identified and mastered, and the problems existing in the measurement of radiation dose rate in the province were effectively discovered. The results of this activity show that the overall monitoring capacity of radiation environment monitoring institutions in the province is still weak, the input of radiation environment monitoring needs to be continuously increased, and the quality assurance and training system needs to be gradually improved.
  • Total alpha and total beta radiation levels in some drinking water sources in pearl river delta region, 2016
    CUI Fan, LIU Yanbing, WU Zixiang, ZOU Jianming, JIA Yuxin
    2019, 28(3): 307-308,312. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.024
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    Objective To investigate the total alpha and total beta radiation levels in drinking water sourcesfrom five cities of Pearl River Delta Region of Guangdong province and to detect and deal with the radioactivity risk of source water in time. Methods In this paper, the data comes from "Radiation level Monitoring and Risk Prediction of Drinking Water Sources in Guangdong Province",145 samples were collected in wet season and dry season in the five cities(such as Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Foshan and Huizhou),and samples were determined by low background alpha-beta admeasuring apparatus referring to the Standard ExaminationMethods for Drinking Water-Radiological Parameters. Results The total alpha radioactivity in Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Foshan and Huizhou was 0.022 (0.008~0.037) Bq/L, and the total beta radioactivity was 0.088 (0.062~0.114) Bq/L[M(P25,P75)]. Conclusion The results show that the radioactive levels in the water sources of Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Foshan and Huizhou in the pearl river delta region are within the normal background range, and none of them exceed the total alpha and total beta radioactive guidelines limits in the Standard of Sanitary Drinking Water (GB5749-2006), which is safe to drink.
  • Analysis on individual doses and site testing of interventional radiology in a third-grade class-A hospital in Nantong City,2009-2017
    SANG Junyang, TAN Weiwei, ZHONG Ende, SHI Xiaoyan, AN Na, SUN Huamin
    2019, 28(3): 309-312. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.025
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    Objective To investigate the individual dose and radiation situation on site of interventional radiology staff in a third-grade class-A hospital in Nantong city from 2009-2017,so as to provide data support for the health protection of interventional radiology staff in the hospital.Methods The X-γRay radiation dose detector(AT1123)was used for the dose rate detection of interventional radiology on site,and the individual dose detection system(RGD-3D、FJ-427A)was used for individual dose detection. Results The air kerma rate of fluoroscopic protective zone of the two interventional radiology machine were 39.74~492.48 μGy/h and 17.28~198.72 μGy/h,and the annual individual dose value of interventional radiology staff was higher than that of general radiology staff (except 2015) from 2009 to 2017, and the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion The radiation dose rate in the room of interventional radiology department was significantly higher than the outside the room,and the individual dose level of interventional surgical staff was obviously higher than that of other radiological staff. Therefore, interventional radiology staff should wear personal protective equipment correctly and operate interventional radiology equipment scientifically.
  • Study on determination of 210Pb in water samples using Strontium resin
    WANG Lihua, ZHANG Qihong, SUN Lianjun, SHENG Leyuan, TAO Shenghui
    2019, 28(3): 313-317,320. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.026
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    Objective To research the detection limit, repeatability, reproducibility and accuracy of the method to analyze the activity of 210Pb in water using Sr resin. Methods Collect eight types of water samples,adsorb and purify the Pb using Sr resin,determine the activity concentration of 210Pb,and identify the low limit of detection, the laborarory precision and accuracy of the method. Prepare two kinds of 210Pb standard samples, canrry out interlaboratory method verification and verify the repeatability, reproducibility and accuracy of the method. Results For the method of determinating 210Pb in water samples by Sr resin, the low limit of detection is 0.64mBq/L~1.26 mBq/L, the relative standard deviation is 4.7%~32.6%, the mean recovery rate is 85.5%~108.2%, the measurement error of standard samples is 4.0%~14.2%. For 0.153 Bq/L and 1.77 Bq/L standard samples, the repeatability limit of the measuring method is 0.021 Bq/L and 0.14 Bq/L,the reproducibility limit is 0.061 Bq/L and 0.23 Bq/L; the end value of relative error is(9.1±18.6)% and(3.0±5.0)%. Conclusion The method to anglyze the activity of 210Pb in water usping Sr resin is simple to operate, the precision and accuracy are better than the current analysis standards, and the method meets the management requirements and can be promoted in practical work.
  • The comparison of partial performance between OSL dosemeter and TLD dosemeter
    PAN Qiuqiu, HUANG Lihua, FENG Yajuan, ZHENG Yan, LIN Dan
    2019, 28(3): 318-320. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.027
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    Objective To compare the LDR-Ⅱ XA OSL dosimeter with the CTLD-J4000 TLD dosemeter of the performance. Methods Conduct experiments about energy response and dose response characteristics. Compare and analyze the curves of both the characteristics above. Results Make the curves of energy response and dose response calculate the linearly dependent coeffients:R剂光2=0.9999, R剂热2=1. The technical index (Ei/Er,0±Ucom,i)×Cr,0Ci of nonlinear response for dose response is according with the national standard (0.91~1.11)and the technical index (Ei/Er,0±Ucom,i)×Cr,0Ci for energy response is in accordance with the national standard(0.71~1.67). Conclusion We can strengthen quality control through comparison experiment between the two systems. Both dosimeters have advantages and disadvantages, and we can choose the appropriate one according to their characteristics to make routine monitoring or emergency monitoring.
  • Results of participating in the national intercomparison of radionuclideanalysis by γ spectroscopy in 2018
    YAO Jie, QIAN Aijun, GAO Linfeng
    2019, 28(3): 321-324. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.028
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    Objective To verify the γ spectroscopy system used in our laboratory, and confirm the reliability ofanalysis method and technology. Methods By participating in the national intercomparison of radionuclide analysis organized by National Institute for Radiological Protection,China CDC,232Th, 40K and 137Cs contents in the soil samplewereanalyzedwith both the relative and efficiency curve methods. Results Compared with the reference activity concentrations,the ranges ofrelative deviations for the three nuclides were 0%~14.1% and 2.8%~18.5% and the ranges of U test valueswere0.15~2.35 and 0.42~2.58, by using the relative method and the efficiency curve method, respectively,.The results were all in the qualified range. Conclusion The γspectrocopy system in our laboratory isstable, and theanalysis methodsarereliable. Further quality control techniques are still needed to improve the measurement accuracy.
  • Investigation and evaluation of the total α level in a groundwater source
    MA Xiufeng, HUANG Wei, HU Xiang, LIU Qingyun, ZHANG Jing, LIU Lu, XU Zhijian
    2019, 28(3): 325-327,332. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.029
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    Objective To analyze the radionuclides contents and estimate the internal dose for the raw water with a high level of total α activity in some sites of a region, and to provide the reasonable explanations and possible solutions. Methods The total α activity concentration and radionuclide analysis were determined according to the current domestic relevant standards. The international formula was used for the internal irradiation dose estimation. Results Based on the measured total α level, the average annual effective dose of internal irradiation for residents who have been drinking the raw water in this area for long time was averaged to be 0.09 mSv and the maximum dose might exceed the recommended drinking water dose level (0.1 mSv/a). The total α activity in the drinking water was mainly contributed by U and 226Ra, and the internal radiation dose came mainly from 226Ra. However, the 226Ra content in the drinking water did not exceed the guidance level recommended by WHO. Conclusion The high radioactivity level of total α in the groundwater in this area may be related to the geological structure of the area. The natural radioactive nuclides in the aquifer rock may dissolve into and are concentrated during the formation of groundwater, which eventually result in the high total α level in the groundwater.
  • Environmental impact analysis of depleted uranium hexafluoride conversion facilities based on life cycle assessment
    WANG Yan, YANG Jie, LIAN Bing, ZHAO Yangjun, KANG Jing
    2019, 28(3): 328-332. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.030
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    Objective To study the main types of environmental impacts and impact processes during the entire life cycle of depleted uranium hexafluoride (DUF6) conversion facilities. Methods Use Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method to assesse the life cycle environmental impact of the DUF6 conversion facility. Results During the life cycle of the DUF6 conversion facility, the contribution of primary energy consumption(about 89.85%) is the largest among various environmental impact categories, and the environmental impact in the operation period (about 81.54%) is greater than that in the construction period (about 18.46%). Conclusion By reducing the primary energy consumption in nitrogen production, process water and concrete production, the environmental impact of the entire life cycle of the DUF6 conversion facility can be effectively reduced.
  • Measurement and analysis of environmental gamma-radiation dose rate for Yunnan Province
    CHEN Qiuxia, YU Yilin
    2019, 28(3): 333-336. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.031
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    Objective Understanding the level of γ adiation dose rate in yunnan's environment,and providing scientific basis for environmental quality control. Methods Analyze the environmental gamma radiation dose rate in Yunnan, including data of real-time measurement、cumulative measurement、continuous measurement and export results, and make more representative rationalization proposals. Results The environmental gamma radiation dose rate in Yunnan is generally stable. Different measurement methods have different concerns, the influence of different factors, such as measuring instrument, site, weather or personnel, leads to great difference in the results of measurement. Conclusion Though direct measurement and indirect measurement of the environmental gamma radiation dose rate, each have advantages and disadvantages, can verify and complement each other.
  • Analysis of the common problems in the drafting of radiological health standards
    JU Jinxin, XUE Ru, CHEN Erdong
    2019, 28(3): 337-340. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.032
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    Objective To provide references and suggestions for drafting radiological health standards,and to further improve the drafting quality of radiological health standards. Methods In combination with the requirements of GB/T 1.1-2009, the common problems in drafting radiological health standards were summarized and analyzed from the aspects of the front cover, content, foreword, scope, normative reference documents, terms and definitions,etc. Results Although GB/T 1.1-2009 and other standards have been issued and implemented for many years, there were still some problems such as non-standard drafting in the text of radiological health standards. Conclusion It is suggested that the drafter of radiological health standards should thoroughly study GB/T 1.1-2009 and other standards, fully understand the requirements for drafting standards, so as to further improve the text quality of radiological health standards.
  • Analysis of single-source dual-energy CT features and risk factors of calculi in urinary system
    LI Hao, XU Zihui, CHEN Jiaming, JIANG Fanli, ZHAO Qiqiang, HE Siyu, LIU Qi
    2019, 28(3): 341-345,350. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.033
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    Objective To investigate the characteristics of single-source dual-energy CT and the risk factors of calculi in urinary system. Methods The clinical data of 138 patients of calculi treated in urology department in our hospital from November 2016 to September 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The characteristics of calculi under single-source dual-energy CT scan were observed. The analysis results of postoperative infrared spectroscopy were used as the gold standard to evaluate the correct rate, sensitivity and specificity of single-source dual-energy CT prediction of stone types. In addition, logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of stones. Results Single-source dual-energy CT predicted the highest rate of uric acid stones in all types of stones:98.85%. The sensitivity of cystine stones and calcium oxalate-calcium phosphate stones was poor, 70.59% and 42.86%, respectively. The specificity of each type of stones is predicted to be>90%, and the highest value of uric acid stones is 100.00%. The CT measurements of various types of stones from high to low were calcium oxalate-calcium phosphate stones > calcium oxalate stones > mixed uric acid stones > cystine stones > uric acid stones. The results of CT value comparison of different types of stones:the difference of uric acid stones compared with other stones group (P<0.05), (P<0.05), the difference of calcium oxalate stones and cystine stones, mixed uric acid stones were statistically significant (P<0.05). There were significant differences between the groups of cystine stones, mixed uric acid stones and calcium oxalate-calcium phosphate stones (P<0.05). The results of DEI comparison of different types of stones:the DEI of uric acid stones and mixed uric acid stones were significantly different from other stone groups (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that BMI index, hyperlipidemia, family history of urinary stones, serum Ca and serum TG levels were risk factors for stones (OR values all>1, P values all<0.05). Conclusion Single-source dual-energy CT can better distinguish uric acid stones, calcium oxalate stones and mixed uric acid stones, but there is a big error between calcium oxalate stones and calcium oxalate-calcium phosphate stones, cystine stones and mixed uric acid stones. Logistic regression analysis showed that BMI index, hyperlipidemia, family history of urinary stones, serum Ca and serum TG levels were the main risk factors for stones.
  • Comprehensive guidance model based on optical surface imaging combined with cone beam CT in head and neck tumors accurate radiation therapy
    YE Chengwei, ZHOU Jidan, SHANG Qiang, ZHOU Zhaoming, BAI Sen, ZHONG Renming, ZOU Bingwen
    2019, 28(3): 346-350. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.03.034
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    Objective To evaluate the clinical value of Optical Surface Imaging (OSI) CatalystTM (C-RAD AB, Sweden) system combined with Cone Beam CT (CBCT) for guiding precise radiotherapy of head and neck tumours. Methods 82 head and neck cancer patients in West China hospital from February 2015 to January 2018 were involved in this analysis, in which 45 patients received OSI-CBCT integrated guided radiotherapy and 37 patients with CBCT independent guided radiotherapy. In the treatment cycle, the OSI-CBCT integrated guided radiotherapy and CBCT guided radiotherapy were carried out,and dates from 208 times of effective fractional treatments were obtained in each group. The position error data obtained from a comprehensive guided treatment group and independent guided treatment group were statistically analyzed. Results The data of the translational directions x (left and right), y (head foot), z (front and back) and the rotational direction of rx (PIT), ry (ROL), rz (ROT) (mean standard deviation) of the inter-segment position error obtained by the CBCT scan of the independent guidance group were (0.19±1.01) mm, (0.29±1.36) mm, (0.05±1.23) mm, and (0.05±0.65)°, (0.18±0.83)° and (-0.12±0.59)°, respectively, when the integrated guide group OSI-CBCT derived placement error data were (0±1) mm, (0.01±0.98) mm, (-0.4±1.08) mm, and (-0.03±0.72)°, (-0.19±0.82) ånd (-0.37±0.85)°, respectively. The correlation coefficients of the two systems are:0.17, 0.07, 0.03, 0.1, -0.06, and 0.01, respectively. The correlation coefficients of the two systems subtracting the translation direction x-x1, y-y1, z-z1 and rotational direction rx-rx1, ry-ry1, rz-rz1 were(0.19±1.3) mm,P<0.05 and(0.28±1.62) mm, P<0.05;(0.35±1.62) mm, P<0.05;(-0.03±0.92)°, P>0.05;(0.37±1.2)°, P<0.05、(0.25±1.03)°, P<0.05, respectively. Conclusion The OSI-CBCT system integrated guidance mode can reduce the number of CBCT scans while ensuring the accuracy of radiotherapy, and effectively reduce the extra radiation dose caused by CBCT, which is superior to the traditional single CBCT guidance mode in the head and neck tumours radiotherapy.