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  • 28 August 2019 Volume 28 Issue 4
      
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  • Expert interpretation on the significance of chromosomal aberration in the assessment of acute and chronic radiation damage
    LV Yumin
    2019, 28(4): 349-354,360. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.001
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    The significance and value of chromosomal aberration analysis of peripheral blood lymphocyte in the estimation of acute radiation biological dose, reconstruction of early accident radiation dose and evaluation of biological effect of chronic low-dose radiation have been widely recognized by the international academic community, and abundant data have been accumulated. Therefore, this paper will make a brief interpretation on the application and significance of chromosomal aberration analysis in the assessment of acute-and chronic-radiation injury.
  • The diagnosis and treatment of acute, subacute and chronic radiation syndrome from external exposure
    WANG Youyou, BIAN Huahui, CHEN Weibo, HOU Yuhan, FENG Junchao, DAI Hong, LIU Yulong
    2019, 28(4): 355-360. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.002
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    The paper elaborates clinical characteristics,clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria and treatment principles of acute, subacute, and chronic radiation syndrome caused by external exposure, so as to provide the basis for early and timely treatment and standardized diagnosis, which can provide guarantee for the nuclear safety application.According to the size of irradiated dose, acute radiation sickness from external exposure can be divided into bone marrow type, intestinal type and brain type. The clinical stage of bone marrow of acute radiation sickness (ARS) is obvious. Early dose estimation will contribute to early diagnosis,predict disease severity and determine treatment strategies. Subacute radiation syndrome from external exposure is hematopoietic tissue damage primarily, which has no obvious clinical stage.The main clinical manifestation of chronic radiation sickness is asthenic neurasthenia syndrome, which is mostly occupational. The dose threshold is an important reference factor for diagnosis of chronic radiation sickness (CRS). Medical management of radiation sickness from external exposure should take comprehensive measures and pay attention to psychotherapy as well as organic treatment.And long-term systematic medical follow-up of the patients should be taken in the later period to ensure the physical and mental health of patients.
  • Analysis of occupational radiation tumors
    XING Zhiwei, YU Chengcheng
    2019, 28(4): 361-363,375. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.003
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    This paper analyzes the radioaction tumor from the human evidence of radiation carcinogenesis, the history of human understanding of radiogenic neoplasms, pathogenesis, determination of radiogenic neoplasms, the changes of related diagnostic criteria in China, the current situation and the diagnosis procedure of occupational radiogenic neoplasms in China and so on. The determination of occupational radiogenic neoplasms by calculating the probability of etiology provides scientific basis for the determination of the causal relationship between tumor and ionizing radiation and the corresponding compensation.
  • The effects of radiation on proliferation and DNA damage repair in H460 cells silenced ATRX
    XU Weiqiang, TANG Geng, LIU Chunyan, LI Xin, YANG Yanming, GONG Shouliang, YU Lei, WANG Zhicheng
    2019, 28(4): 364-367. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.004
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    Objective To explore the effects of radiation on proliferation and DNA damage repair, and to clarify the relationship between them.Methods Lentivirus plasmids of shATRX1, shATRX2 and shATRX3 were transfected into 293T cells, H460 cells were infected by lentivirus, shATRX1-H460, shATRX2-H460 and shATRX3-H460 cell lines with low/no ATRX expression were obtained, shControl-H460 cells was used as the control. The silencing efficiency was detected by Western blot. Cell proliferation was measured by colony formation assay, γH2AX and Rad51 foci were detected by immunofluorescence, and the numbers were counted, PARP1, γH2AX and Rad51 expressions were measured by Western blot, respectively.Results ATRX expressed in H460 and shControl-H460 cells, while reduced in shATRX1-H460, shATRX2-H460 and shATRX3-H460 cells. The colony formation assay showed that the SFs of shATRX2-H460 and shATRX3-H460 cells was lower than that of shControl-H460 cells. After shControl-H460 and shATRX3-H460 cells were irradiated by 4 Gy at 1 h, γH2AX foci reached a maximum, while Rad51 foci reached a maximum, at 3 h, and then decreased. Compared with shControl-H460 cells, γH2AX foci at 1 and 6 h, Rad51 foci at 1, 3 and 6 h were significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.001). And PARP1, γH2AX and Rad51 protein expressions in shATRX3-H460 cells increased at 3 and 6 h compared with that in shContral-H460 cells.Conclusion The cell models of targeted silencing of ATRX in H460 cells were successfully obtained, and the cell proliferation ability was reduced after radiation, which may be related to the reduction of DNA damage repair ability.
  • Effects of different doses of X-ray irradiation on the apoptosis rate of peripheral blood lymphocytes in interventional radiology workers
    ZHANG Lin, LIU Dongren, HOU Dianjun, LI Jieqing, NIU Fei, LIU Wei
    2019, 28(4): 368-370. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.005
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    Objective To compare the differences of apoptosis rate of lymphocyte and Fas expression rate in the blood of isolated peripheral blood of interventional radiological workers and healthy non-radiological workers after different doses of X-ray irradiation.Methods To collect the above two groups of peripheral blood on an empty stomach in the morning and blood were divided into control group and the irradiation group.Control group don't illuminate X-ray, irradiation group were given 1, 2, 4 Gy X-ray irradiation dose respectively. The dose rate was 1.0 Gy/min, lymphocytes were isolated and cultured after irradiation. After 12 hours, lymphocyte apoptosis rate and Fas expression rate were detected by flow cytometry. The data were processed by flowjo and SPSS software.Results There was no significant difference in the early, late and total apoptotic rate of T-lymphocytes between the two groups(t=4.58,P>0.05). The difference of Fas expression rate was statistically significant between the two groups(t=6.75,P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the early, late and total apoptotic rate of T-lymphocytes and Fas expression rate in each group (t=3.96,P>0.05).Conclusion Different doses of X-ray irradiation had no significant effect on the apoptosis rate of peripheral blood T lymphocytes and Fas expression rate in interventional radiology workers and healthy non-radiology workers.
  • Alterations of gene transcriptional profiles in human lymphoblastoid cells by X-ray exposure
    FANG Lianying, LI Weiguo, MA Ya, MAO Xuesong, HOU Dianjun, ZHU Wei, JIA Ximing, QIAO Jianwei, LI Jieqing
    2019, 28(4): 371-375. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.006
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    Objective Effects of X-ray irradiation on gene expression in human lymphocytes were analyzed by microarray and provide a basis for the molecular mechanisms of biological effects of radiation.Methods Gene chips were used to study the gene expression of AHH-1 cells which irradiated by different doses X-rays (0.5 and 2Gy), and then the differentially expressed genes were verified by real-time PCR.Results The microarray assay showed that there were 1 250/1 773 differentially expressed genes in human lymphocytes at 6h and 1 076/690 at 20h after 0.5 and 2Gy X-ray irradiation, respectively. The results of the differentially PERP expression level analyzed by real-time PCR were consistent with that of the microarray, and the expression level of PERP was reduced after X-ray radiation compared with that of the control group.Conclusion The differentially expressed genes induced by ionizing radiation were correlated uith radiation dose and duration after exposure, our result provided a new experimental basis for finding a new biological dosimeter and studying radiation biological mechanism.
  • Analysis of the micronucleus rate of peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy residents around a retired uranium mine
    QIN Zhiying, LIU Jianhua, TANG Mengjian, LIANG Ting, WU Yingyu, XIE Ping, LU Xiufang, LEI Jiajie
    2019, 28(4): 376-378,381. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.007
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    Objective To investigate the micronuclei frequencies in peripheral blood lymphocytes of residents around a retired uranium mine. And the influences of environmental factors on micronuclei were preliminarily discussed, which provide scientific basis for the comprehensive treatment of the surrounding environment of the retired uranium mine.Methods Peripheral venous blood was collected from 100 healthy residents around decommissioned uranium mines, the conventional culture method for lymphocytes and X2 test were used to analyze the micronucleus rates statistically.Results Among the 100 healthy residents, the micronucleus detection rate was 88.0%, the micronucleus rate (MNR) was (9.46±6.62) ‰ and the micronucleus cell rate (MN cell rate) was (8.77±5.92) ‰. The MNR and MN cell rate increased with the increase of ages, but the rate and magnitude of increase were slightly different in men and women at different ages. There was no significant difference between the male groups(P>0.05) and no significant difference of MNR between the female groups(P>0.05), but the differences of MN cell were statistically significant in groups of female(P<0.05).Conclusion The detection rates of micronucleus and micronucleus cells in peripheral blood of healthy residents around the retired uranium mine are far higher than the background range reported at home and abroad. Therefore more targeted comprehensive management measures should be taken to ensure the health of the residents around the decommissioned uranium mines.
  • Analysis of occupational health examination results of radiation workers in Baoding City
    LI Fei, ZHAO Yongjun, XU Zhenhua
    2019, 28(4): 379-381. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.008
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    Objective To understand the occupational health status of radiation workers in medical and health institutions in baoding city.Methods The occupational health examination results of 1984 medical radiological workers in medical and health institu-tionsun in baoding city were collated and analyzed. Statistical methods were used to analyze the abnormal rates of peripheral blood, chromosome aberration micronucleus and other radiosensitive indicators, according to different age, working year and type of work.Results Leukocyte abnormality and hemoglobin abnormality were at different working ages were statistically significant(P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in lympho-cyte micronucleus among different occupational exposure type of work (P<0.05).Conclusion Long-term low dose ionizing radiation can make the body suffer certain radiation damage, among which 5~15 years of working age and radiation therapy workers are the key population of radiation protection and supervision.
  • Results and analysis on individual dose level of occupational external exposure to radiation for medical radiation workers in Yunnan in 2015-2017
    ZHU Yinying, MOU Sheng, TANG Li, XU Wenping, FAN Fang, WU Guoliang, QIN Qifeng
    2019, 28(4): 382-385. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.009
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    Objective To understand and analyze the individual dose level of occupational external exposure of medical radiation workers in Yunnan province from 2015 to 2017 and to provide the data and scientific basis for the prevention and control of occupational radioactive disease in this province.Methods According to the methods of the Specifications for Individual Monitoring of Occupational External Exposure (GBZ 128-2016), the Thermoluminescent Dosimeter(TLD) System was used to detect the external exposure dose of medical radiation workers, and the individual dose monitoring results were collected and analyzed statistically.Results 8,776 radiological works were monitored from 2015 to 2017. The average annual individual effective dose was 0.313 mSv/a, among which the occupational category with the highest annual effective dose was nuclear medicine (2C) and the highest value 0.388 mSv/a was found in 2017. SPSS was used for comparison between groups, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001).Conclusion The average annual individual effective dose of radiation workers in medical system in Yunnan is within the dose limit of the national standards. To protect their occupational health, it is recommended that the individual monitoring of external exposure for nuclear medicine(2C) staff be given priority.
  • Development of a portable investigation and detection box for on-site nuclear medical emergency rescue
    LI Xiuqin, ZHAO Jinpei, CAI Yongwei, DU Zhihui, LI Qingfeng
    2019, 28(4): 386-387,396. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.010
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    Objective To develop a portable investigation and detection box for on-site nuclear emergency rescue in order to overcome the present problems of equipment dispersion, method lagging and system lack.Methods The rescue box was developed by considering the overall design, key control points and system integration. The development process includes the box design, module functions and device integration, box production and application, etc.Results The developed box integrates 4 main functional modules and an auxiliary module. The 4 main modules include the radiation detection, the individual protection, the environment investigation as well as the system of hazards evaluation and rescue decision.Conclusion This box can be widely used as its portability, easy operation and multiple functions. It can improve the rapid disposal capacity for nuclear and radiation emergencies.
  • Survey on the regional health emergency response capability of nuclear radiation incidents in a newly operated nuclear power plant
    LIU Xiaoyong, TAN Guangxiang, HUANG Yongshun, HUANG Jian, JIANG Jiaxin, TAN Jianming, YUAN Long, LEI Cuiping
    2019, 28(4): 388-391. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.011
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    Objective To understand the regional health emergency response capability of nuclear radiation incidents in a new nuclear power plant, and to provide suggestions for improving the capability of the radiological health institutions.Methods Based on the questionnaire formulated by the National CDC, the health emergency response capability of the provincial, municipal, county and township institutions near the newly operated nuclear power plant was surveyed, and the emergency responsibilities, current situation and existing shortages were analyzed.Results A total of 15 relevant institutions were investigated. Nine of them were responsible for the health emergency response of nuclear radiation emergencies, 6 of them had set up independent emergency departments or departments responsible for the health emergency response, 5 of them had established emergency plans/procedures, but only 3 of them had special work funds. 6 of them had equipped with corresponding emergency equipment, 8 institutions had emergency drug reserves. 14 and 13 institutions had sent staff in participating the emergency training and drills, respectively. The provincial and municipal institutions had equipped with basic equipment such as surface contamination survey meter, personal dosimeter and personal protective clothing. 13 institutions had the ability to transport and treat the wounded, but only 3 had the ability of decontamination, and 1 had the ability of biological dose estimation. Only the provincial and municipal institutions carried out the emergency training and drills every year.Conclusion The provincial emergency response capability of nuclear radiation incidents is relatively perfect, but the capability in the city, county and township levels near the nuclear power plant is significantly insufficient, and all aspects of emergency organization, emergency equipment and emergency response capability need to be strengthened.
  • Estimation of radiation dose of workers in dealing with the lock of afterloading source
    YU Hui, LI Ping, ZHANG Shuxu
    2019, 28(4): 392-396. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.012
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    Objective To estimate the radiation dose of workers in dealing with the lock of the afterloading source.Methods Two phantoms were used to simulate the cervical cancer patient and the radiation worker, thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) were placed on surfaces of the phantom mimicked the worker in dealing with the lock of source, and the entrance surface doses (ESD) of the four radiosensitive organs (eye lens, thyroid, breast, gonald) were monitored.Results If the source strength was 370 GBq, the ESD of each OAR would be less than 0.12 mGy in whichever handling time and 1.7%~19.8% decrease after dressing the phantom with the radiation protective clothing.Conclusion In the case of source strength 370 GBq and the handling time 35 s, the ESD of therapist is less than 0.12 mGy without wearing the radiation protective clothing, which amount to the ESD of X ray radiographic examination only once.
  • Radiation risk analysis of spent fuel rod road transportation from a nuclear power plant
    HAN Chuncai, YAN Yuan, CHEN Liangping, JIN Xiao, LIAO Yunxuan
    2019, 28(4): 397-400,403. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.013
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    Objective In this paper, through the analysis of the radiation effect on the transport process of the spent fuel from a nuclear power plant,the radiation risk value of the transportation is given,and the suggestion for radiation emergency in spent fuel transportation is proposed.Methods The atmospheric diffusion model provided by RG1.145 is used to estimate the consequences of the potential accident. The release of radioactive materials during the accident is considered as ground release. Exposure pathways are considered including external exposure from plume immersion, inhalation of irradiation and external irradiation surface.Results It is estimated that the maximum radiation risk value from accidents of the spent fuel rod transportation is 2.4×10-5.Conclusion According to the accident situation and the estimated results, the relevant emergency measures are put forward to guide the shipper and carrier for the transportation of spent fuel rods. Meanwhile, the shipper and the carrier are suggested to strengthen the emergency rehearsal of the spent fuel transportation and improve the safety of the spent fuel transportation.
  • Radiation monitoring and suggestions for negative ion powder and products
    DING Hongshen, CHENG Fengmin, QIAO Mian, SHI Lei, CHANG Mingjie, WANG Zhen
    2019, 28(4): 401-403. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.014
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    Objective To investigate the radioactive level of negative ion powder and products.Methods Radioactivity monitoring of negative ion powder, loess spheres containing negative ion powder, automobile seat cushion and other products was carried out.Result It is found that the γ dose rate above the negative ion powders reaches up to 3.0×10-5Gy/h, and other radionuclide activity concentrationssuch as 238U, 232Th, 226Ra are respectively as high as 73.9 Bq/g, 758 Bq/g and 28.3 Bq/g.Conclusion The production and use of some negative ion powders and products do not meet the relevant requirements of the relevant standards, which should be highly valued by relevant departments.
  • Investigation and analysis of quality control testing of 161 sets of medical X-ray diagnostic equipment in Fujian Province in 2017
    GUO Huozhong
    2019, 28(4): 404-406,409. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.015
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    Objective To understand and investigate the quality control of medical X-ray diagnostic equipment in Fujian province, summarize and analyze the similar work with other provinces, identified the existing problems and proposed solutions for optimizing the medical imaging work in Fujian province.Methods According to the current national health industry standards, medical X-ray diagnostic equipment have been sampled, tested and evaluated in Fujian province.Results In 2017, the qualified rate of 161 sets of X-ray cameras, X-ray computed tomography devices, X-ray fluoroscopy machines and X-ray machines in Fujian Province was 58.7%, 54.2%, 48.0% and 80% respectively.Conclusion The overall pass rate of medical image quality control of conventional medical X-ray diagnostic equipment in Fujian Province was low,so the hospital needs to strengthen monitoring and maintenance to ensure the image quality of medical X-ray diagnostic equipment.
  • Survey on the status of medical radiation staff in a district, 2016-2018
    LIU Guorong, QIAN Xudong
    2019, 28(4): 407-409. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.016
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    Objective To understand the current situation of radiological diagnosis and treatment personnel in a district and provide technical basis for strengthening supervision.Methods To conduct a questionnaire survey of medical institutions in a certain district that hold the Radiological diagnosis and treatment license from 2016 to 2018, including the basic conditions of the district, the conditions of the radiological diagnosis and treatment units and personnel, the certificate holders of the radiologist, the personal dose test, and the occupational health examination; The statistical method uses χ2 test and the difference of P<0.05 is statistically significant.Results In 2018, there were a total of 77 radiological diagnosis and treatment units in a certain area, and the certificate rate of "radiological diagnosis and treatment license" was 100%, with an average of 0.37 radiological diagnosis and treatment institutions per 10 000 people on average, 665 radiological diagnosis and treatment personnel, and an average of 3.22 radiological diagnosis and treatment personnel per 10 000 people. Since 2016, there has been an increasing trend. The holding rate of radiology personnel certificate has been increasing year by year, reaching 87.2% in 2018, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The individual dose detection rate was 94.3% in 2018, which decreased by 3.2% and 1.5% respectively in the past two years. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); Among them, the proportion of non-disease control institutions has increased year by year, and the difference is statistically significant (P<0.05). The physical examination rate of occupational health inspection increased year by year, reaching 97.6% in 2018, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); Among them, the proportion of private institutions is declining, and the difference is not statistically significant(P>0.05).Conclusion It is necessary to further strengthen the supervision of radiological diagnosis and treatment, rationally allocate radiological diagnosis and treatment institutions and personnel, maintain the high coverage rate of individual dose testing and occupational health supervision, and substantially improve the certification level of radiological workers.
  • The analysis of comparison on the results of DR special detection items in Guangdong Province
    TAN Zhan, HUANG Weixu, YU Hongwei, LONG Xuan
    2019, 28(4): 410-413. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.017
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    Objective To understand the existing problems in DR special detection in radiological hygiene technical service institutions by comparing the analyzing the results and so as to provide evidence for improving detection capabilities.Methods Using cluster sampling method, where 30 radiological hygiene technical service institutions voluntarily participating in this comparison were selected as the research object, and the results of the detection were analyzed and evaluated based on the z-score based comparison on the quartile robust statistical technique.Results Among the 309 data items submitted by the 30 institutions participating in the comparison, 267 items, accounting for 86.4%, were satisfied with the test results; 24 items, accounting for 7.8% were suspicious; 18 items, accounting for 5.8% were outliers. The result of the comparison item "STP" is the best, since the proportion of satisfaction items is 100%, and the outlier results of the comparison item "Dose measurement" account for the highest proportion, which is 20.0%. The comparison item "Ultimate spatial resolution" has the highest proportion of suspicious results, which account for 16.7%.Conclusion The technical level of radiological hygiene technical service institutions needs to be improved. It is necessary to strengthen the daily quality control management, enhance the awareness of standardized operations, build the radiological hygiene detection data platform, and promote the healthy development of radiological hygiene detection industry.
  • Analysis of medical radiation protection monitoring results of medical institutions in Dalian in 2017
    ZHANG Xinghui, NI Changyu, DONG Qianqian, YE Qianou, LIU Shuang
    2019, 28(4): 414-416. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.018
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    Objective To understand the medical institutions (except oral clinics or outpatient clinics) in dalian city in 2017 to carry out radiological diagnosis and treatment services, the patients or examinees receiving X-ray diagnosis and the radiation protection situation of the medical institutions at the monitoring points.Methods Through the survey of dalian all medical institutions and to 15 medical institutions of monitoring, to the city of radiological diagnosis and treatment of medical institutions and service, or subjects and in patients undergoing X-ray diagnostic monitoring radioactive workplace radiation protection of medical institutions detection, X-ray equipment quality control testing situation analysis evaluation.Results The results showed that all 277 medical institutions in the city had carried out X-ray diagnosis, with the development rate of 100%. Fourteen medical institutions had carried out interventional radiology, accounting for 5.1%. Five medical institutions, or 1.8 percent, had carried out nuclear medicine; Eight medical institutions, or 2.9%, had carried out radiation therapy. The number of times using X-ray diagnosis in medical institutions in the city was 4 140 427, among which 2 285 306 person times received conventional X-ray diagnosis, accounting for 55.2%. CT diagnosis reached 1 740 424 person-times, accounting for 42.0%. Other diagnoses were 114 697, or 2.8%. The radiation protection level of 15 medical institutions and 141 radiation workplaces at the monitoring sites were all qualified, and the performance test of the X-ray device was all qualified.Conclusion The utilization rate of CT machines is very high, so we should pay attention to the legitimacy of the use of CT machines and strengthen the management of radiation protection.
  • Estimation of effective dose to patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) from DAP measuring
    WANG Tao, NIU Fei, YANG Shuhui, ZHANG Lin, MIN Nan, ZHU Jianguo, LIANG Hongri
    2019, 28(4): 417-419. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.019
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    Objective To investigate the radiation dose level of patients in ERCP operation, and to provide scientific basis for formulating the protection standard of patients in interventional radiology.Methods The dose-area product (DAP) was measured with water model under the condition of the parameters of ERCP operation investigation (fluoroscopy time, number of photographs and equipment parameters),and the effective dose (E) was estimated by using the measured DAP value.Results The effective doses of the complex ERCP group, the middle ERCP group and the simple ERPC group are 4.448 mSv, 0.715 mSv, 0.247 mSv, respectively.Conclusion The effective dose of the patient was positively correlated with the fluoroscopy time and DAP value in the three dose groups. In ERCP operation, the fluoroscopy time should be shortened, the number of photographic frames should be reduced, and the radiation field should be reduced as much as possible so as to reduce the radiation dose of patients.
  • Analysis of detection capability for gamma-emitting radionuclides in food in the health system laboratories in China
    ZHOU Qiang, TUO Fei, YANG Baolu, ZHANG Jing, LI Wenhong, LI Zeshu
    2019, 28(4): 420-424. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.020
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    Objective To acquaint the current detection capability of gamma-emitting radionuclides in food among the testing laboratories in China's health system, find out the existing or potential problems, and to provide reference for improving the testing ability of each laboratory.Methods To grasp the overall hardware capability based on the performance indexes of HPGe γ-spectrometers reported by each laboratory. To understand the technical ability of each laboratory personnel through organizing the national intercomparisons.Results The relative detection efficiency of the γ-spectrometers ranged from 30% to 66%, with an energy resolution range from 1.60 keV to 2.28 keV, and the integral background between the energy range of 50 keV to 2 000 keV in 24 hours ranged from 48 cpm to 420 cpm. The results of testing ability achieved "qualified" and "excellent" accounted for the majority of the laboratories.Conclusion Current detection capability for gamma-emitting radionuclides in food in China's health system is generally good, but the instrument performance or personnel technology of some laboratories still needs to be improved.
  • Analysis and evaluation of radioactivity of solid waste in medical cyclotron
    XU Mingfa, LIN Chen, LIN Mingmei, YUAN Jilong, HE Yena, JIANG Yue, ZHANG Wei
    2019, 28(4): 425-427,432. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.021
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    Objective To acquaint the radioactive level of solid waste from medical cyclotron by investigation and measurement.Methods The dose equivalent rate H*(10) of waste in temporary storage with or without shielding were measured by gamma radiation dose rate meter. The nuclide analysis and activity measurement of waste were carried out by a portable HPGe γ spectrometer and the sourceless efficiency calibration software.Results Under temporary storage with shielding, the H*(10) of the four hospital wastes at 5 cm surface ranged from 80.6 μSv/h to 1.32mSv/h. Energy spectrum analysis showed that the radionuclides in the solid wastes were mainly 56Co,54Mn and 57Co, among which the activity of 56Co was the highest. For each time of replacement, the activity of 56Co in the target membrane and fixed ring could reach the level of 107Bq.Conclusion Radioactivity level in the solid waste is high, and the half-lives of radionuclides are long. Sufficient attentions should be paid for the radiation protection of solid waste from medical cyclotron.
  • Feasibility study on the reuse of by-product hydrofluoric acid of nuclear fuel element manufacturing
    WANG Yan, YANG Jie, LIAN Bing, ZHAO Yangjun, QIN Huan
    2019, 28(4): 428-432. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.022
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    Objective To study the potential reuse of uranium-containing hydrofluoric acid produced during the production of nuclear fuel components, and radiation impacts of different reuse pathways.Methods Combined with the application range of hydrofluoric acid and the characteristics of uranium-containing hydrofluoric acid, study on the fields in which uranium-containing hydrofluoric acid can be reused is carried out. Through process analysis, the operator's radiation exposure path is established and its radiation impacts are estimated.Results Uranium-containing hydrofluoric acid can be reused in stainless steel pickling, etching, removal of metal oxide and automotive cleaning fluids, and the additional dose to the public is less than 1 mSv/a. Among them, the biggest additional annual effective dose of the operator caused by the etching process is (1.20×10-3mSv/a).Conclusion From the perspective of radiation impacts, the application of uranium-containing hydrofluoric acid in stainless steel pickling, etching, removal of metal oxide and automotive cleaning fluids is feasible.
  • Analysis and solution of the differential pressure measurement problem in the ventilation systems of nuclear power plants
    CHEN Jianli, WANG Hongkai, LI Jianfa, GAO Linfeng, ZHANG Wenlong, LI Yongguo, SHI Yingxia
    2019, 28(4): 433-435,439. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.023
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    Objective To analyze the validity of the differential pressure measurement device in the ventilation system of nuclear power plant, and solve the problem of differential pressure measurement found.Methods On the basis of summarizing the common problems of the pressure measurement system, the paper analyzes the pressure changes of different parts of the system and the influence of differential pressure measurement through the application of fluid mechanics.Results Some pressure measuring systems in nuclear power plants have problems such as unreasonable pressure port arrangement or component damage, which will affect the representativeness and accuracy of the resistance measurement of iodine absorbers and other purification equipment. It is recommended to check and analyze them.Conclusion According to the analysis of the pressure difference problem, the inspection of the differential pressure measuring device can effectively improve the accuracy of the resistance measurement. It will provide a better basis for the purification equipments replacement to ensure the safe operation of the ventilation system.
  • Analysis of the test results of external individual dose monitoring ability in 2018 in Suzhou
    SONG Bin, XU Zhe, WEI Zhaoyang, SUN Guoqing, ZHANG Yin
    2019, 28(4): 436-439. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.024
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    Objective To inspect the personal dose monitoring capability of our laboratory and identify the defects or deficiencies for further improvements.Methods According to the designated assessment plan issued by the National Institute for Radiological Protection of China CDC, participate in the 2018 national intercomparisons.Results The single group performance deviations (Pi values) between the measured values and references of the 5 groups were-0.03, 0.13, -0.03, 0.12 and -0.02, respectively, and the overall bias (B value) of all groups was 0.007. According to the judgment standards, both the single group performance and overall performance were all qualified.Conclusion Our laboratory's personal dose monitoring system is stable and reliable, with accurate results and meets the requirements of relevant national standards. However, there is still a need to strengthen the quality control and standardize operational procedures to further enhance the individual dose monitoring capability.
  • Monitoring and evaluation of electromagnetic radiation from MW station
    LIU Zhuo, LI Huiping, LI Xuezhen, LI Fei, LV Xuya, SHI Xinyuan, HONG Zhe
    2019, 28(4): 440-442,446. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.025
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    Objective In order to correctly understand the electromagnetic radiation level of MW integrated field intensities, solve public petition disputes, and provide data support for environmental protection department, this work was carried out.Methods The methods of automatic continuous monitoring, instantaneous monitoring, theoretical calculation and actual monitoring comparison of electromagnetic radiation intensities were adopted.Results The monitoring values within 3km around the MW showed that the electric field strength was in the range of 2.08~13.59 V/m, which are below the standard limit of 40 V/m.In 5 years, in the normal working conditions, the integrated field intensities of the points around MW were relatively stable and there was no significant change.Conclusion From the perspective of the electromagnetic radiation level around MW, no monitoring point exceeding the standard was found within 3 km, and no electromagnetic radiation pollution was found.
  • Radiation shielding design of proton therapy treatment room based on the Monte Carlo method
    ZOU Jianming, XU Zhiqiang, GENG Jiwu, SU Shibiao, JIA Yuxin, WANG Meixia, ZHANG Zaoqin, XIA Bing
    2019, 28(4): 443-446. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.026
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    Objective To explore the choice of shielding protective materials and radiation shielding thickness in proton therapy rooms, accumulate the experience of shielding protection in proton therapy rooms, provide scientific basis for the construction of proton therapy rooms.Methods The mask calculation model of proton therapy room was established by FLUKA program based on Monte Carlo method. The radiation field distribution of proton therapy room was simulated to optimize the shielding of proton therapy room.Results The maximum dose equivalent of 30 cm outside the wall of the concrete control room with a thickness of 250 cm was 3.12 μSv/h. After changing the shielding scheme to 5cm steel plate (machine room side)+237 cm concrete+8 cm polyethylene (control room side), the maximum dose equivalent was 1.43 μSv/h, and after adjusting the array of the difference protection material, the dose equivalent rate around the wall outside the control room of the treatment room was 3.95 μSv/h.Conclusion In the radiation field of the proton therapy room, mainly neutrons and gamma rays, the contribution of neutrons to dose equivalents accounts for the majority. The high-energy neutrons and fast neutrons are the main in the radiation field of the proton therapy room. Therefore, the shielding protection mainly considers neutron protection, and the neutron energy of the radiation field should be fully considered in the selection of shielding materials.
  • Study on model of chlorogenic acid extraction from abandoned flue-cured tobacco leaves
    CHEN Siwei, WANG Zheng
    2019, 28(4): 447-451. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.027
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    Objective The content variation of of chlorogenic acid in tobacco leaves was reproduced by simulation model.Methods In this paper, the extraction kinetics of chlorogenic acid was modeled to discuss the affecting factors of temperature and time. Firstly, the sinulink model of chlorogenic acid extraction kinetics in Matlab was established, and then the parameters of the model were determined by experiments.Results The predicted extraction data curve was obtained by running the simulation model. The accuracy of the simulation model was verified by measuring the extraction concentration at the corresponding time under the three temperature gradients of 50℃, 60℃ and 70℃.Conclusion The simulation model can give a roughly changing law of chlorogenic acid content in the extraction process at different temperatures and at different times, to provide a reference for the study of chlorogenic acid extraction process.
  • Analysis and thinking on an admunistration penalty case in which the irradiated does of medical exposure is not strictly controlled
    HAO Xinxin, WANG Ying, LU Kai, CAO Zhiyong, ZHANG Wenwen, QU Yi
    2019, 28(4): 452-454. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.028
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    This paper analyzed an administrative penalty case of a medical institution that did not strictly control the irradiation dose of patients, and introduced the difficulties and key points in the process of case handling in detail according to the relevant procedures and provisions of laws and regulations, to standardize the behavior of radiation diagnosis and treatment, and protect the rights and interests of medical personnel, patients, examinees and the public health, so as to provide reference for the supervision and management of radiological diagnosis and treatment institutions in the future.
  • Analysis of national training on individual dose monitoring technology
    XI Cong, FAN Yaohua
    2019, 28(4): 455-457. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.029
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    Objective To analyze the implementation of national training on individual dose monitoring technology to improve the quality of relevant training.Methods According to the archived training project data from 2014 to 2018 by National Institute of Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Excel 2010 was utilized to analyze the executed project data.Results Five projects of training on individual dose monitoring technology were conducted from 2014 to 2018. Most project duration was 3~4 days. Teachers with senior professional titles accounted for 88.6% (31/35). The majority (79.6%, 656/824) of students had junior and intermediate technical titles. Most students had bachelor degree or above. Students were satisfied with the training content, arrangement and textbooks.Conclusion Implementation of national training on individual dose monitoring technology was good, which had contributed a lot to improving the monitoring quality and technical ability of technical service institutions. It is essential to continuethe training on individual dose monitoring technology in the future.
  • Analysis of factors related to the efficacy and prognosis of brain metastases in whole brain radiotherapy
    MENG Man, BI Jinling, HUANG Yong
    2019, 28(4): 458-461,472. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.030
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    Objective To evaluate the factors that can affect the prognosis to improve the treatment of brain metastases.Methods A total of 61 patients of brain metastases carcinoma treated with whole brain radiotherapy were analyzed retrospectively from December 2013 to October 2018. The adverse events and survival rates were observed, and prognostic factors were analyzed by single factor and multiple factors analysis.Results No treatment-related deaths occurred, and no patients experienced any grade 4 or above toxicities. The incidence of grade I, Ⅱ and Ⅲ acute neurological toxicity were 35.3%, 10.9%, and 1.4%, respectively. The incidence of grade I, Ⅱ and Ⅲ digestive tract reactions were 12.1%, 4.4%, and 0.3%, respectively. The incidence of grade I, Ⅱ and Ⅲ hematological toxicity were 27.6%, 11.7%, and 2.2%, respectively. The incidence of grade I, Ⅱ and Ⅲ radiation-induced acute skin injury were 6.2%, 0.8%, and 0.1%, respectively. No adverse reactions of grade IV or above occurred. The median survival time was11.9months. The 0.5-,1-and 2-year survival rates were 81.3%,0.6% and 12.8% respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that lung cancer, the number of intracranial metastases and combined chemotherapy were independent factors affecting the survival and prognosis of patients.Conclusion Whole brain radiotherapy for brain metastases is safe and effective, which can effectively alleviate the symptoms of patients with brain metastases and prolong the survival period. The primary lung cancer, the number of intracranial metastases and combined chemotherapy play key role in the prognosis of patients.
  • A comparative study of cranial CT image quality and radiation dose between stepped axial volume scan and spiral scan
    YU Lei, JIANG Xiangsen, YIN Zudong, ZHANG Xinyi
    2019, 28(4): 462-464. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.031
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    Objective To investigate the best scan mode of cranial CT by comparing step to step axial volume scan mode with conventional spiral scan mode.Methods The imaging data and radiation dose reports of 389 cases with the same scanning parameters and reconstruction parameters were retrospectively analyzed. The image quality was evaluated subjectively and objectively.The method of subjective image evaluation as follow:the image with excellent quality is level 3, good quality image is level 2, the image quality is poor but enough to satisfy the diagnosis is level 1. Objective image quality evaluation as follow:Four regions of interest(ROI) are obtained by manual localization to evaluate signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose-length product (DLP) in dose reports were analyzed.Results There was no significant difference in subjective and objective evaluation between step to step axial volume scan mode and conventional spiral scan (P>0.05). CTDIvol of step to step axial volume scan mode is slightly higher than that of spiral scanning mode, and DLP is significantly lower than that of spiral scanning mode.Conclusion With the same scanning and reconstruction parameters, the radiation dose of step to step axial volume scan mode was lower than that of conventional spiral scanning. step to step axial volume scan mode is recommended for cranial CT examination. However individualized scanning schemes should be formulated according to special needs in daily work.
  • The clinical value of diffusion-weighted imaging for spinal lesions of indefinite diagnosis with 99Tcm-MDP bone imaging
    LI Yongmei, YANG Guoren
    2019, 28(4): 465-468. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.032
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    Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of DWI in the diagnosis of benign and malignant spinal lesions in 99Tcm-MDP bone imaging.Methods Thirty tumor patients (12 males,18 females, with a median age of 57 years) who were spinal lesions(≤ 2) detected by 99Tcm-MDP bone scintigraphy were enrolled from January 2016 to June 2017. As the results of 99Tcm-MDP imaging were indefinite, routinely MRI and DWI examinations were performed within 1 week. The benign and malignant diagnosis of spinal lesions was confirmed by more than 2 imaging examinations (CT or MRI) and/or follow-up (≥ 6 months), and the diagnostic efficacy of DWI for spinal lesions was analyzed. The difference of ADC values between benign and malignant lesions was measured and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the cut-off value, and the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of ADC value for potential malignant evaluation of lesions were calculated. Statistical analysis was completed by spss22.0 and independent sample t-test was used for comparison between groups.Results There were 39 bone lesions, 27 of which were malignant, all of which were bone metastases. 12 benign lesions:6 endplate inflammation, 4 infectious lesions and 2 degenerative lesions. Among the 39 lesions,the mean ADC value of the benign lesion group was (1.402±0.441)×10-3mm2/s,while that of the malignant lesion group was(0.929±0.221)×10-3mm2/s, respectively. The difference was statistically significant(t=4.494,P<0.05). Using 1.163×10-3mm2/s as the cut-off value, and the area under the curve was 0.843. ADC value was used to evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value(PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of potential malignancy by 92.6%, 75.0%, 94.9%, 100.0%, 85.7%, respectively.Conclusion DWI has high benign and malignant diagnostic efficacy for 99Tcm-MDP bone imaging indefinite spinal lesions. ADC value as a quantitative index has certain valuee in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant spinal lesions.
  • Analytical methods of plutonium in urine based on the internal dose reconstruction
    ZHANG Huifang, LIU Hongyan, REN Yue, LI Youchen, WANG Zhongwen
    2019, 28(4): 469-472. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.033
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    The internal exposure dose of plutonium can be determined by the detection of biological samples and the correction of retention or excretion fraction with time after intake. This paper reviewed the analytical methods of plutonium in urine from the aspects of principle, methodology and application in dose reconstruction. The plutonium analysis methods mainly include alpha spectrometry, fission-track analysis, several types of mass spectrometry, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, thermal ionization mass spectrometry, accelerator and other mass spectrometry. The advantages of each method are different. This paper can provide reference for the selection of urinary plutonium analysis methods based on the internal dose reconstruction.
  • Research progress on etching simulation of the nuclear track formed in solid state detectors
    LI Zhiling, CHEN Bo, ZHUO Weihai, ZHANG Weiyuan
    2019, 28(4): 473-476. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2019.04.034
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    Solid-state nuclear track detectors have been widely used in the field of ionizing radiation measurements. It is expected that important parameters such as the type, energy and incidence angle of the incident particles could be achieved throughout in-depth studies on the shape information (such as length of major/minor axis, area, depth distribution, etc.) of the track formed on the solid nuclear track detector,and it is known that the parameters are critical for accurate dose assessment. Through the literature research, this paper summarizes the formation principle of the track on the solid detector and the research progress in the simulation of track etching process, and makes some prospects for the future research work.