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  • Health for all,Prosperity for all
    Monitoring of radioactive substances in food in China and its challenges
    TUO Fei, ZHOU qiang, SUN Quanfu
    2020, 29(5): 447-452. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.001
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    Monitoring data of radionuclides in food is a valuable data source for public health risk assessment. Since 2012, the monitoring of radioactive substances in food in China has been continuously advancing. Continuous monitoring can improve early warning and control capabilities, and provide a scientific basis for food safety risk assessment under normal conditions and emergencies. This article summarizes the current radioactivity measurement standards of China in environment and food, introduces the current status of radioactive substances monitoring in food, discusses issues worthy of attention, and summarizes the challenges and prospects of food radioactive substance monitoring, looking forward to providing scientific guidance for future research.
  • Health for all,Prosperity for all
    Interpret key technologies of personal monitoring and improve occupational health management
    ZHANG Liang'an
    2020, 29(5): 453-457. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.002
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    Objective Interpret the key technologies and technical difficulties in personal monitoring standards at home and abroad in order to better implement relevant occupational health standards and improve occupational health management.methods Interpret current international and Chinese personal monitoring standards.Results The key technologies of national standards GBZ128—2019 and GBZ129—2016 are explained in more detail, and the new methods of relevant international standards are briefly introduced.Conclusion Publicizing and implementing the technical key points and difficulties of related personal monitoring standards, will help to further implement relevant standards and improve occupational health.
    • Radiobiology/Original Articles
  • Radiobiology/Original Articles
    Effects of the expression of miRNA in human peripheral blood after different doses of gamma rays
    DONG Juancong, YUAN Yayi, DANG Xuhong, WANG Jingjie, MENG Qianian, WANG Chao, LIU Hongyan, REN Yue, ZHANG Zhongxin, ZUO Yahui
    2020, 29(5): 458-461. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.003
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    Objective In order to provide early diagnostic indicators for radiation damage, high throughput miRNA sequencing and bioinformatics technology were used to screen radiation-sensitive miRNA in human peripheral blood.Methods The peripheral blood of healthy adult males was given 0.2 Gy and 2.0 Gy gamma rays, and total RNA was extracted at 6 hours after irradiation. Differential miRNA was obtained by high-throughput miRNA sequencing technology, and partially differential miRNA was verified by qRT-PCR. Target genes of common differential miRNA were predicted by mirdbV6 and Target Scan7.1 database, and bioinformatics analysis was analyzed using KEGG. Results The number of differential miRNAs in human peripheral blood was different with at 6 h after different doses radiation. There were 10 differential miRNAs in 0.2 Gy group, and 2 were up-regulated, and 8 were down-regulated. In 2.0 Gy group, there were 9 up-regulated and 12 down-regulated miRNAs. And the differences of both two groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05). There were 5 miRNAs showed significant changes in both groups. RT-PCR results showed that there were 4 miRNAs, including mir-23c, mir-1287-5p, mir-219a-3p and mir-320d, which were consistent with the sequencing results. Bioinformatics results showed that common differential miRNAs may affect cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, DNA damage repair and immune regulation by regulating the MARK, RAS, P53, RIG-I and other signaling pathways.Conclusion The mir-23c, mir-1287-5p, mir-219a-3p and mir-320d are expected to become new blood makers of radiation injury.
    • Radiation Health/Original Articles
  • Radiation Health/Original Articles
    Analysis of occupational health examination results of 73 officers and soldiers exposed to radioactive substances
    XIONG Yi, HUANG Hua, ZHANG Yuying, CHENG Shasha, WU Lili, YANG Jianqiang
    2020, 29(5): 462-464,469. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.004
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    Objective To analyze the health status of officers and soldiers exposed to radioactive materials.Methods 73 convalescents who had been exposed to radioactive substances in our hospital in 2019 were selected as the observation group, and 80 convalescents who had not been exposed to radioactive substances in the same period were selected as the control group. The main observation items include subjective symptoms, blood routine (white blood cell count, red blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin), thyroid function (T3, T4, TSH), Eye Lens Examination and chromosome aberration analysis.Results Compared with the control group, there was significant difference in subjective symptoms, but no significant difference in blood routine, thyroid function, Eye Lens and chromosome aberration.Conclusion The peripheral blood picture, thyroid function, Eye Lens and cytogenetics of officers and soldiers exposed to radioactive materials were not affected by their work, but it is necessary to carry out mental health education, psychological service and radiation protection education.
  • Radiation Health/Original Articles
    Discussion on occupational health surveillance of radiation workers in China
    LU Qiang, ZHANG Qiuling, HONG Xiujuan
    2020, 29(5): 465-469. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.005
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    With the good performance of occupational health surveillance work for radiation workers, it can be accurately identified whether or not the group health is competent for radiation work, as well as the relationship between health and exposure dose, so as to further guarantee that the radiation work can be carried out safely and orderly. Based on the Measures for the Administration of Occupational Health Examination (No.5 Order issued by the National Health and Family Planning Commission), Measures for the Administration of Occupational Health of Radiation Workers (No.55 Order issued by the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China) and Health Requirements for Radiation Workers (GBZ 98—2017), the current status of occupational health surveillance for radiation workers in China is analyzed and the existing problems about occupational health surveillance of radiation workers are discussed with relevant suggestions put forward as well.
  • Radiation Health/Original Articles
    The value of karyotype automatic scanning system in the detection of lymphocyte chromosome aberrations
    QIAN Xiaolian, FANG Huilian
    2020, 29(5): 470-472. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.006
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    Objective The study is to investigate the value of karyotype automatic scanning system in the detection of lymphocyte chromosome aberrations. Methods 192 radiation workers in medical units were selected and measured the rate of chromosome aberrations and chromosome aberration cells by two ways which are karyotype automatic scanning system and manual double blind experiment. Results Reading the same batch of specimens, the average time （15.3 ±0.69, min ） of scanning system is shorter than that （42.0 ±0.56, min ） of manual double blind way, there were statistically significant differences （P < 0.05）. Using scanning system, the rate （0.193%） of chromosome aberrations and （0.227%） chromosome aberration cells were higher than those （0.065%, 0.102%）with manual double blind experiment which was statistically significant differences （P < 0.05).Conclusion The karyotype automatic scanning system can improve the detection rate of chromosome aberrations and the reading speed. Moreover, it can shorten the reporting period and reduce the workload of laboratory personnel. It is suitable for units with more specimens.
    • Medical Exposure/Original Articles
  • Medical Exposure/Original Articles
    Investigation and analysis of application frequency of nuclear medicine exposure in Hebei Province
    YIN Junqing, DONG Zhenjun, FENG Dongying, DUAN Xingli, SHEN Lijun, SHEN Aiguo, CHANG Jin
    2020, 29(5): 473-476. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.007
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    Objective To obtain the basic information, development trend and the frequency of medical exposure in medical institutions carrying out clinical nuclear medicine in Hebei Province in 2018, to provide the data support and reference for reasonable allocation of clinical nuclear medicine resources and optimization management. Methods The special nuclear medicine survey forms for medical institutions in Hebei Province were designed, and the medical institutions conducted self-examination, and the health supervision institutions conducted on-site investigation on medical institutions within their jurisdiction. The application frequency of different types of medical diagnosis and treatment was obtained by dividing the number of nuclear medical diagnosis and treatment patients surveyed by the number of permanent residents in the province in 2018.Results There had been 75.563 million residents in Hebei Province by the end of 2018.There had been 160,809 cases of nuclear medicine diagnosis and treatment, including 143107 cases of diagnosis, 17702 cases of treatments, 1.89 cases of diagnosis per 1,000 population, 0.23 cases of treatment per 1,000 population and 2.13 cases of nuclear medicine. Conclusion The development of nuclear medicine in Hebei Province is still highly unbalanced. Although the frequency of clinical nuclear medicine application was steadily increasing every year, there still have plenty of room to improve compared with developed areas. As the equipment becomes more and more high-end and sophisticated, the requirements for nuclear medicine physicians, technicians and other related staff would be higher. It is necessary for medical institutions to increase the introduction and training of professionals in nuclear medicine diagnosis and treatment, and for regulatory authorities to strengthen supervision over nuclear medicine, so as to achieve the goal of safe medical treatment.
  • Medical Exposure/Original Articles
    The estimation and analysis of effective dose to radiation workers during ERCP
    LI Zhenrong, YANG Shuhui, ZHANG Lin, MIN Nan, ZHU Jianguo
    2020, 29(5): 477-479,483. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.008
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    Objective Through investigation of endoscopic retrograde pancreatic angiography (ERCP) in the operation in hospital, the related parameters of radiation dose were obtained, and the process of surgery was simulated. Through simulation of human body model and thermoluminescent dosemeter, the absorbed dose was measured and calculated, to provide basic data for estimating the dose of radiation workers. Methods Throuth investigation of the equipment in the process of ERCP, we acquired the perspective time and radiography frames, selected experimental irradiation conditions for irradiation, and replaced radiation workers with simulation human body model to measure absorbed dose.Results Five groups of experimental conditions were selected, including the long (L), medium (M) and short (S) groups of radiation workers without lead clothing and M and L group with lead clothing. The effective dose for S group (lead-free clothing) was 2.63 μSv, the M group (lead-free clothing) 9.38 μSv, the M group (with lead coating) 0.58 μSv, the L group (lead-free clothing) 29.11 μSv, and the L group (with lead coating) 7.48 μSv. Conclusion The effective dose of radiation workers increased with the increase of fluoroscopy time. The effective dose of the group wearing lead clothing was significantly lower than that of the group without lead clothing. Although there is a lead curtain on the side of the bed and a lead screen beside the bed, the personal protective equipment for radiation workers should not be ignored.
  • Medical Exposure/Original Articles
    Investigation of radiological diagnosis frequency and professional staff in township health center, Qinba Moutain Area, Sichuan Province
    HE Dan, ZHANG Guanggui, HE Yang, WANG Haifeng, LI Qinling, LIU Li
    2020, 29(5): 480-483. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.009
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    Objective To understand the current situation of radiological diagnosis application and professionals in township hospitals in Qinba mountain area, Sichuan province, investigate the workload of grassroots medical imaging staff, talent demand. and existing problems, and put forward the corresponding countermeasures.Methods The random, stratified and cluster sampling questionnaires were used to investigate the frequency of conventional diagnostic radiography and personnel allocation of 126 township health centers in Kaijiang, Pingwu, Tongjiang and Wangchang counties.Results The average number of medical outpatients in township health centers was 16,431/year, and the number of radiological diagnosis examinations used was 2,456/year, accounting for 14.95% of the total number of outpatients. The total number of radiological examinations used in the whole rural population was 212 per 1,000 populations. Among the township health centers with radiological working conditions, the proportion of radiological staff was 36.51%, among which 78.82% had technical secondary school or junior college degrees, and 55.29% had primary professional titles. The demand survey of medical imaging talents showed that the demand rate of college graduates was 82.98%.Conclusion The application of radiological diagnosis and examination in township hospitals in Qinba Mountain area of Sichuan province is low, and there is a shortage of medical imaging professionals. Medical vocational colleges should strengthen the training of imaging professionals to meet the needs of primary medical and health services
  • Medical Exposure/Original Articles
    The monitoring and analysis of occupational radiation doses in interventional radiology in a hospital
    TANG Mengjian, WU Yingyu, CHEN Zhangfan, XIE Ping, DONG ying, CHEN Faxiang, QIN Zhiying
    2020, 29(5): 484-488,492. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.010
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    Objective To understand the radiation dose of the first operator in Cardiovascular Interventional Procedures in a hospital, and so as to provide reference for improving the radiation protection of operators. Methods To choose five first operator of interventional surgery on the cardiovascular medicine of a hospital in Guangxi. Under the national standard “Specifications of individual monitoring for occupational external exposure” (GBZ 128—2016), the thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) were used to monitor a total of 7 parts, such as the operators' eyes, left pinkie, right pinkie, left ankle, thyroid, left chest, perineum and the exposure time, surgical cases and exposure dose of each surgeon were recorded. The X-ray attenuation rate of lead protective clothing was calculated, and the shielding effect of lead protective clothing was evaluated. Results The highest dose values of each monitoring site were 2.04 mSv of ocular lens, 7.22 mSv of the left pinkie, 2.40 mSv of the right pinkie, 0.736 mSv of the left ankle, 0.204 mSv of the thyroid, 0.054 mSv of the left chest and 0.032 mSv of the perineum, respectively. The average X-ray attenuation rate of lead protective clothing in thyroid, left chest and perineum sites was ranked from high to low as follows: perineum (91.4%), left chest (85.1%), thyroid (71.2%). Conclusion It was estimated that the annual exposure dose of the lens was 24.5 mSv. Except for the lens, the annual dose of the other monitoring parts does not exceed the national standard limit. The use of personal protective equipment by the interventional surgeons can effectively reduce the exposure dose. Therefore, the awareness of personal protective equipment should be strengthened, the personal protective equipment should be used correctly, the technical level of interventional surgery should be improved, and the unnecessary irradiation should be reduced.
  • Medical Exposure/Original Articles
    Analysis of radiation protection results in digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in Shenzhen City in 2018
    WANG Haijun, LUO Jingan, CAI Jinmin, ZHANG Yi, LIN Yongqin
    2020, 29(5): 489-492. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.011
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    Objective To understand the radiation protection status of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in interventional clinics in Shenzhen in 2018, and to provide reference for radiological management of health administration department. Methods According to the methods of GBZ130—2013, the rate of air kerma in test surface of DSA device fluoroscopy protection area and the rate of ambient dose equivalent of the external DSA workplace were measured for totally 18 DSA devices in 17 hospitals in Shenzhen.Results The qualified rate of air kerma in test surface of fluoroscopy protection area was 44.4% of the totally 18 DSA devices. The rate of air kerma in test surface of the second surgeon position was slightly higher than that of the first surgeon position, and the difference of the both surgeon position has no statistical significance according to the non-parametric Wilcoxon rank test（P > 0.05）. The rates of air kerma for abdominal area of the first surgeon and the chest area of the second surgeon were the highest. The qualified rate of ambient dose equivalent of the external DSA workplace was 88.9%, and the interventional workplace for the radiological workers was at a safe level. Conclusion Interventional radiation workers should pay attention to the protection of the abdominal area in daily activities, and especially focus on the protection of the second surgeon position. Interventional radiation workers should consciously wear personal protective equipment such as lead rubber aprons and use auxiliary protective facilities.
  • Medical Exposure/Original Articles
    Performance analysis of computed tomography in Shangrao City in 2018
    CHEN Qingfeng, HUANG Zhe, CHENG Wei, XU Yuping, ZHU Ruokai
    2020, 29(5): 493-495,506. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.012
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    Objective The X-ray computed tomography (CT) performance of Shangrao City was tested in 2018 and its current status was analyzed to provide a scientific basis for the administration and supervision of the health administrative department. Methods Using Catphan 500 and other testing equipments as well as according to the national testing standards to test the CT performance by census in Shangrao city. Results There were 104 CT sets in the city, including 20 acceptance tests and 84 state tests. The qualified rate of acceptance test was 100%, and the qualified rate of state tests was 83.33%. Conclusion The qualified rate of CT performance in Shangrao is relatively high. However, the daily maintenance of the equipment still needs to be strengthened, unqualified equipment should be eliminated and the image quality of CT equipment should be improved.
    • Radiation Monitoring/Original Articles
  • Radiation Monitoring/Original Articles
    Simulation measurement and analysis of dose received by the personnel during 125I seed implantation
    MIN Nan, GENG Zhi, WANG Xiaoshan, SONG Gang, LIU Fang, LIU Qian, NIU Fei, SUN Weihang
    2020, 29(5): 496-499. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.013
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    Objective To simulate and measure the exposure dose of workers during 125I seed implantation treatment, and to provide radiation dosimetry data for the protection of workers.Methods According to the contacting processes seed source in the field investigation, the 125I seed implantation operation process was simulated. Before and after implantation, the ambient dose equivalent rate levels were measured respectively at 0.05 m and 1.0 m from the source. During implantation, 10, 50, 100, and 150 125I seeds were placed on the treatment bed and covered with 0 mm, 1 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm thick solid water and 0.25 mmPb lead pads, respectively. The level of dose equivalent rates around the head, chest and abdomen were detected at 10 cm from the bed and 155 cm, 125 cm, and 105 cm from the ground, respectively. The hand represents 0.05 m from the radiation source.Results The ambient dose equivalent rate at 0.05 m from the well-type ionization chamber was 0.46～0.64 μSv/h during measuring the activity of the seed source. After the seeds are loaded into the implant gun, the ambient dose equivalent rate on its surface was 15.7～16.3 μSv/h, and the ambient dose equivalent rates of the other tested stages were the background radiation level. In the process of seed implantation, with the increase of the number of implanted seeds, the level of the ambient dose equivalent rate at the staff operating positions increased with the order of head, abdomen,chest and hands. However, with the increase of thickness of the solid water, the level of the ambient dose equivalent rate of each operating position decreases sequentially. When the seed source was covered with a lead pad, the ambient dose equivalent rate on its surface was at the background radiation level.Conclusion Although the radiation dose received by the staff during 125I operations did not exceed the requirements of relevant national laws and regulations, it was at a relatively high level, and should be paid enough attention.
  • Radiation Monitoring/Original Articles
    Study on the radiation effect of 99Tcm on workers' hands
    CHEN Liangping, HAN Chuncai, XU Zhongyang
    2020, 29(5): 500-502. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.014
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    Object This paper discussed annual equivalent dose to hands of workers in the production process of 99Tcm. Method The equivalent dose of hand caused by the production of 99Tcm was estimated with different protective sheath and working time. Result Based on 250 working days in a year, the equivalent dose of hand with the 3 mm lead protective sleeve was about 668.8 msv/a, and the equivalent dose of handwith the 2 mm tungsten alloy protective sleeve was about 392.7 msv/a; based on 100 working days in a year, the equivalent dose of hand with the 3 mm lead protective sleeve was about 267.3 msv/a, and the equivalent dose of hand with the 2 mm tungsten alloy protective sleeve was about 157.1 msv/a. Conclusion The radiation effect of the hand dose in the production of 99Tcm could not be ignored. The working time should be reasonably allocated or the protective effect should be improved to ensure that the annual equivalent dose to workers' hands is lower than the annual dose limit of 500mSv/a for limbs or skin in GB 18871—2002.
  • Radiation Monitoring/Original Articles
    Monitoring and analysis of gross α and gross β radioactivity levels in vegetables base in Kunming
    FAN Fang, YANG Bo, QIN Qifeng, MOU Sheng
    2020, 29(5): 503-506. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.015
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    Objective to understand the radioactivity levels of the gross α and β in a vegetable base in Kunming. Method Different varieties of vegetables in the vegetable planting base were collected and the radioactivity levels of gross α and β in the samples were measured with FYFS-400X low background α/β measuring instruments. Results The gross α and β radioactivity and its' ranges were （0.62 ±0.59） Bq/kg （0.23～1.66） Bq/kg and （106.3 ±27.6） Bq/kg （68.4～125.3） Bq/kg in leafy vegetables, respectively. The gross α and β radioactivity and its' ranges were （0.45 ±0.26） Bq/kg （0.30～0.64） Bq/kg and （86.5 ±17.6） Bq/kg （71.7～113.4） Bq/kg in stem vegetables, respectively. And the gross α and β radioactivity and its' ranges were （0.32 ±0.19） Bq/kg （0.28～0.39） Bq/kg and （119.5 ±31.2） Bq/kg （91.2～141.3） Bq/kg in root vegetables, respectively. Conclusion The total radioactivity level of vegetables in a planting base in Kunming was relatively low and at the normal background level.
  • Radiation Monitoring/Original Articles
    Determination of gross-α and gross-β activities in groundwater of Nanjing City
    LI Linze, ZHU Rui, LIU Fei, YE Nan, HE Tao, LI Zhiling
    2020, 29(5): 507-509,514. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.016
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    Objective To investigate and study the gross-α and gross-β radioactivity levels of water samples from 24 groundwater monitoring wells in Nanjing, and gain an in-depth understanding of the total radioactivity level of groundwater in Nanjing. Methods Referred to the “Standards for Drinking Water Standard Test Method Radioactivity Index” GB/T5750.13—2006, analysis and evaluation were carried out according to the “Sanitary Standard for Drinking Water” GB5749—2006 and the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Results The radioactivity levels of gross-α and gross-β in the 24 water samples range from 15 to 487 mBq/L and from 62 to 880 mBq/L, respectively.Conclusion The gross-α and gross-β radioactivity levels of groundwater in Nanjing were up to the requirements of the “Sanitary Standard for Drinking Water” GB5749—2006 and the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Compared with the total radioactivity level of groundwater in other areas of China, the gross-α and gross-β radioactivity level of groundwater in Nanjing were in the middle level in the country. The radioactivity levels of groundwater in Liuhe District, Jiangning District and Qixia District were higher than those of other areas of Nanjing, and monitoring should be strengthened in the following to detect the radioactive fluctuation of groundwater timelyr.
  • Radiation Monitoring/Original Articles
    Study on concentrations and changes of 7Be and 210Pb in TSP and PM2.5 in Hefei
    DU Qin, GU Xianbao, CHEN Zhi, HE Xu, MEI Yu, YU Guobing
    2020, 29(5): 510-514. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.017
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    Objective This study focuses on the annual variation of the concentration of radionuclides 7Be and 210Pb in TSP and PM2.5 in Hefei and relationship between activity concentration and mass concentration of particle matter. Methods TSP and PM2.5 samples of the same period of each month in Hefei were collected by large-flow aerosol sampler and PM2.5 particle size cutter, respectively. The activity concentrations of 7Be and 210Pb in samples were measured by the ultra-low background HPGe spectrometer. Results The results showed that the annual averaged values of the activity concentrations of 7Be and 210Pb in TSP samples were (5.34 ±1.48) mBq/m3 and (1.66 ±0.84) mBq/m3, respectively. The annual averaged values of the activity concentrations of 7Be and 210Pb in PM2.5 samples were (4.32 ±1.23) mBq/m3 and (1.35 ±0.68) mBq/m3, respectively. The ratio of the monthly averaged value of the activity concentrations of 7Be and 210Pb in PM2.5 and TSP ranged from 0.59 to 0.99, and 0.61 to 0.94, respectively; The annual variation trends of 7Be and 210Pb activity concentrations in TSP and PM2.5 were basically consistent with the annual variation trend of mass concentration of particulate matter, showing high in winter and spring seasons and relatively low in summer and autumn seasons. However, the specific activities of 7Be and 210Pb in TSP and PM2.5 had no significant correlation with the mass concentration of particulate matter. Conclusion The activity concentrations of 7Be and 210Pb in the TSP and PM2.5 in Hefei mainly depend on mass concentration of particle matter, and the 7Be and 210Pb in the atmospheric particulate matter are mainly distributed in PM2.5. Therefore, further study should mainly consider the contribution of radioactive particles in PM2.5 when assessing the hazards of radioactive particulate matter in the atmosphere to humans.
  • Radiation Monitoring/Original Articles
    Analysis of individual dose monitoring results of occupational external radiation in Qingdao from 2015—2017
    WANG Yongjie, JIANG Kuo, TENG Wei
    2020, 29(5): 515-518. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.018
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    Objective By sorting individual dose monitoring results of occupational external irradiation Hp(10) detected by Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Qingdao from 2015 to 2017, to assess the radiation exposure and protection of radiation workers in order to provide evidence for protecting the radiation workers' health and preventing occupational radioactive diseases.Methods Detection of individual dose monitoring of occupational external irradiation was performed by thermoluminescent dosimeter method, the data was sorted and statistically analyzed.Results 2861 individual dose monitoring results of occupational external irradiation were acquired from 2015 to 2017, and per capita annual effective doses of medical institutions were 0.52, 0.25 and 0.17 mSv/a in 2015 to 2017 respectively. Per capita annual effective dose reduced year by year, and the differences were statistically significant. Per capita annual effective doses of industrial enterprises were 0.17, 0.16 and 0.14 mSv/a in 2015 to 2017 respectively, and per capita annual effective dose reduced year by year. There was no statistically significant difference among different years. Among various occupational categories of radiation workers, there was statistically difference of per capita annual effective dose in 2015 to 2017. There were 3 and 2 diagnostic medicine and interventional medicine workers whose per capita annual effective dose exceeded 20 mSv/a.Conclusion Per capita annual effective dose of individual external irradiation of radiation workers of Qingdao reduced year by year, and there were statistically significant differences among various occupational categories. We should strengthen radiation protection of diagnostic and interventional medicine workers.
  • Radiation Monitoring/Original Articles
    Development of detection system for compton camera
    LI Xinglong, WANG Wei, WU Jianhua, LI Chuanlong, LUO Zhiping, PANG Hongchao, LIU Yang
    2020, 29(5): 519-523,529. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.019
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    Objective Design detectors and readout system were developed for Compton camera for hot spot imaging applications in nuclear facilities in this work. Methods Two pixel CdZnTe detectors are used as the scattering layer and the absorption layer, respectively. The readout electronics system is composed of SRE4002 module, signal processing circuit, analog-to-digital conversion circuit and Main control board, etc. Data acquisition logic and control program are designed for Compton camera application, which facilitates the calibration of energy responses of all pixels by experiments. Results The space resolution of the system is consistent with the pixel design. The total energy resolution and average energy resolution at 662 keV are about 3% after calibration.Conclusions Both the space resolution and energy resolution of the system meet the requirements of the research of Compton camera. The calibration of the energy of each pixel improves energy resolution effectively. This hardware can provide a support for the imaging research of Compton camera or other γ imaging system.
  • Radiation Monitoring/Original Articles
    Effect of main components of biological samples on sourceless efficiency calibration of gamma spectrometry
    CAI Jinmin, WANG Haijun, WANG Xiaoqiang, ZHAO kun, LUO Jingan, HUI Changye
    2020, 29(5): 524-529. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.020
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    Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the main components of biological samples on the sourceless efficiency calibration in gamma spectrum analysis. Methods The contents of O, C, H and N in the fresh biological samples were estimated according to the proportion of each element in the total amount of cells origin from fresh biological samples (65%, 18%, 10% and 3% respectively), then the contents of O, C, H and N in corresponding samples were estimated according to the dehydration proportion of samples. The efficiency curve of different energy lines derived from various simulated sample information was generated using LabSOCS sourceless calibration software. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS software, and the influence of major elements (O, C, H, and N) on the sourceless efficiency calibration was evaluated.Results For the energy line in the range of 46.54 keV ～ 1836.01 keV, the efficiency value of the sourceless efficiency calibration of the fresh biological sample was compared with that of samples with different degrees of dehydration whose mass content had been modified. The relative standard deviation was 0% ～ 0.86%, and the maximum value of the absolute value of the relative deviation was 2.6%. For the simulated single-element O, C, H and N samples, the relative standard deviation of the efficiency value of the sourceless efficiency calibration was 5.1% ～ 13.2%. The pairwise comparison was done with the efficiency value of sourceless efficiency calibration obtained from the simulated single-element O, C, N samples. The maximum value of the relative deviation of the absolute value was 4.6%, 2.7% and 1.9%, respectively. Single-element H sample was compared with other three single-elemental samples, and the maximum relative deviation of the absolute value was 27.0%, 28.9% and 28.4%, respectively.Conclusion For the fresh biological samples, the influences of O, C and N elements on the sourceless efficiency calibration are similar, while the influence of H element on the sourceless efficiency calibration is different from that of O, C and N elements. Generally, the dehydration treatment of biological samples exerts a slight influence on the sourceless efficiency calibration, and the variation falls within the acceptable range.
  • Radiation Monitoring/Original Articles
    Research on multi-sized phantoms for thyroid counting calibration
    LI Xiaodun, CAO Qinjian, XIAO Yunshi, ZHAO Ri, ZHANG Mingshui
    2020, 29(5): 530-534,539. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.021
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    Objective In order to improve the accuracy of thyroid counter measurement for radioiodine (such as 131I) ingested by large amounts of public, multi-sized phantoms for thyroid counting calibration were studied.Method Firstly, multi-sized neck (thyroid) phantoms corresponding to 1～15-year-old children, adolescents and adults were designed according to the data of Chinese reference adult male voxel (CRAM) model, neck size and thyroid mass in different age groups population, and these phantoms included the main organs and tissues of the human neck, such as the thyroid, trachea, esophagus, cervical spine, and bone marrow. Then the Monte Carlo method was used to simulate the detection efficiency response of the NaI (Tl) type thyroid counter to phantoms with different types and sizes.Result When the measurement distance was 20 cm, the relative biases of thyroid counter detection efficiency for IAEA/ANSI neck phantom, CRAM-neck phantom and the adult male neck phantom (TM) were less than 2%, but the relative biases of detection efficiency for different sized neck phantoms were 1%～30%.Conclusion The adult male neck phantom (TM) and IAEA/ANSI neck phantom are equivalent as the measurement distance was 20 cm，and the difference in the size of the calibration phantoms has a big influence on the detection efficiency of thyroid counters. Therefore, it is of great significance for improving the accuracy of measurement to develop neck (thyroid) phantoms corresponding to all age groups, especially for children.
  • Radiation Monitoring/Original Articles
    Evaluation of the assessment results of biological dose estimation capabilities by ISO 13528 robust analysis
    PIAO Chunnan, WU Lina, RUAN Jianlei, GAO Gang, PAN Yan, LIU Jianxiang
    2020, 29(5): 535-539. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.022
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    Objective To analyze the assessment results of biological dose estimation capabilities of 43 radiological health technology institutes nationwide with the use of ISO 13528 robust statistical method, and to evaluate and judge the biological dose estimation capabilities as well as levels of radiological health technology institutes. Method Divided them into 4 different irradiation dose groups, each participating institution was randomly selected 2 blind samples to perform independent preparation, analysis, estimation of the irradiation dose, and returned the results within the prescribed time. According to the formula of z-score, the biological dose estimation results of 43 institutions were analyzed, and | z | ≤ 2 was qualified. Results The proportion of | z | ≤ 2 in the 4 dose groups were 95.7% (1.7 Gy ), 91.3% (2.1 Gy), 81.8% (2.8 Gy ) and 90% (3.7 Gy ), respectively. In the 44 institutions, 36 (83.7%) have two samples with | z |≤2.Conclusion ISO 13528 robust analysis can be used to evaluate the results of biological dose estimation capabilities. The biological dose estimation capabilities of most institutions are qualified, indicating that the overall levels of national biological dose estimation capabilities are qualified, only the capabilities of a few institutions need to be improved.
  • Radiation Monitoring/Original Articles
    A summary analysis of laboratory comparison of environmental γ-radiation dose rate
    LU Ying, TU Xingming, WEN Fuping
    2020, 29(5): 540-542. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.023
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    Objective Check the reference unit environment γ-radiation dose rate measurement level, and continuously improve the monitoring capability to ensure the accuracy of the data.Methods Organized an inter-laboratory comparison of environmental γ-radiation dose rates across the country, and evaluated the results using a quartile of robust Z-ratio scores.Results The overall rejection rate is 3.3%, the acceptance but warning rate is 7.2%, and the acceptance rate is 89.4%.Conclusions The overall comparison results are good, and the participating instruments can basically meet the needs of environmental surface γ-radiation dose rate monitoring.
  • Radiation Monitoring/Original Articles
    Comparison of extremity dose for different dispensing methods of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose
    HUANG Dehua, HU Qiumin, LI Chengze, HUANG Yong, DAI Liping, LIANG Ying
    2020, 29(5): 543-546. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.024
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    Objective Three commonly used clinical fluorodeoxyglucose (fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose, 18F-FDG) dispensing methods including manual dispensing, automatic dispensing and PET drug dispensing injection system were compared in dispensing time, dispensing accuracy and exposure dose of hand and eyes of nuclear medicine workers.Methods Thermoluminescence dosimeters were fixed at the index finger bases of both hands, the outside of the wrists of both hands and lead protective glasses of dispensing workers, respectively. 18F-FDG was dispensed 30 times by the same dispensing worker using three different ways, such as manual dispensing, automatic dispensing, and PET drug dispensing injection system, respectively. Within ±10% of the target activity of 296 MBq each dispensing was qualified, and the number of dispensing, the activity of each dispensing, and the dispensing time of each experiment were recorded.Results The number of dispensing times of manual dispensing, automatic dispensing and PET drug dispensing injection system were 43, 47 and 30, respectively. The success rate of the first dispensing was 76.67%, 73.33% and 100%, respectively. The average dispensing times and time of each case were 1.43 and (39.15 ±32.80) s, 1.56 and (203.60 ±203.11) s, 1 and (82.29 ±26.11) s, respectively. The individual dose equivalent measured by the three methods was calculated. The highest dose equivalent of the hand was at the base of index finger of left and right hand, with (1231.48 ±29.40) μSv/GBq and (1281.24 ±121.00) μSv/GBq by manual dispensing, (862.49 ±30.50) μSv/GBq and (678.64 ±51.68) μSv/GBq by automatic dispensing, and (4.50 ±2.25) μSv/GBq and (7.88 ±1.13) μSv/GBq by the PET drug injection system, respectively. The dose equivalents of the left and right ocular lens of the three different loading methods are 3.39 μSv/GBq and 4.5 μSv/GBq, 1.69 μSv/GBq and 2.5μSv/GBq, 1.69 μSv/GBq and 0, respectively. Therefore, the most number of dispensing times of dispensing worker was estimated to be 1319, 1964 and 214364 times/year under the three dispensing methods according to annual dose equivalent limit of national standards, respectively.Conclusion PET drug dispensing injection system not only has the highest dispensing success rate, accuracy, and stability, but also the best radiation protection. The use of PET drug dispensing injection system can reduce the staffing configuration.
  • Radiation Monitoring/Original Articles
    Low frequency electromagnetic environment pollution prevention and control of electric vehicle
    ZHANG Jinfan, GUO Jianfeng, HUANG Heng
    2020, 29(5): 547-549,554. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.025
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    Objective This paper puts forward the corresponding countermeasures for the low frequency electromagnetic environment control of electric vehicles.Methods Comparison and analysis of low frequency electromagnetic environment for different types of electric vehicles were made. Results The monitoring data of different locations of different types of vehicles are 0.16～19.89 μT; the monitoring data of driver's foot of No. 1, No. 2, No. 3 and No. 4 are 19.89 μT, 1.32 μT, 4.27 μT and 1.82 μT; The lower the monitoring height, the faster the data increase; The larger the closed loop area of the power bus, the greater the detection data; The monitoring data with metal shielding baffle between motor and cab are smaller than those without metal shielding baffle. Conclusion Combined with the testing results analyzed, we put forward methods of environment pollution prevention from the electric vehicle low frequency electromagnetic: optimize cable line design; increase the distance between the body and the power bus (using the SUV type electric vehicle); strengthen the electromagnetic shielding effect of the bottom material; and optimize the location of motor batteries.
    • Radiation Environment/Original Articles
  • Radiation Environment/Original Articles
    Study on environmental impact of ecological discharge of Tritium-containing wastewater after purification in a facility
    CHENG Weiya, CHEN Lianjie, XU Huiping, WEN Fuping, PAN Jingshun
    2020, 29(5): 550-554. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.026
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    Objective To evaluate the radiation environmental impact caused by the ecological discharge of tritium - containing wastewater after purification in a facility. Method The Tritium emission source terms were obtained through ecological experiments, and the environmental characteristic parameters of the proposed site of the facility were used to evaluate the radiation effects of the atmospheric and groundwater pathways caused by ecological discharge. Result The results showed that 95% of Tritium would be discharged into the environment through transpiration of plant leaves, and some containing Tritium wastewater would be discharged into the water through osmosis. The results of an environmental impact assessment based on the environmental parameters of an inland site showed that the maximum individual effective dose through the gaseous route was 1.9×10-3 mSv (taking into account the inhalation and ingestion pathways). When permeating into groundwater, the migration speed is slow. After discharge, the maximum effective dose of individuals will be 12.3 μSv after 100 a. Conclusion From the perspective of radiation environmental impact or economic benefits, it is feasible to discharge the purified wastewater containing Tritium by ecological means. Ecological emissions are an important route for inland nuclear facilities that lack water resources.
  • Radiation Environment/Original Articles
    Analysis of the natural radiation level in China from 2011 to 2015
    XU Minghui, SUN Yamin, WANG Xiaofen, WANG Lei
    2020, 29(5): 555-558,566. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.027
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    Objective Based on the monitoring data of the national radiation monitoring network, the natural radiation levels of the country from 2011 to 2015 are analyzed and summarized from the aspects of real-time ambient absorbed dose rate, air, water and soil, etc. Methods Natural radiation monitoring data of air, water, and soil in China from 2011 to 2015 are reviewed, sorted out, classified and summarized. Results From 2011 to 2015, the annual average range of real-time ambient absorbed dose rate is 88～92 nGy/h, and the annual average range of cumulative dose rate is 97～99 nGy/h. The activity concentration of natural radionuclides in air, water and soil is in the daily fluctuation range. Conclusion The real-time ambient absorbed dose rate and cumulative dose rate are in the local natural fluctuation range. The activity concentration of natural radionuclides in aerosol and fallout is at the background level. The activity concentration of natural radionuclides in river water, lake (reservoir) water, sea water and soil is in the daily fluctuation range, and is also at the same level as the national environmental natural radioactivity level survey results from 1983 to 1990.
    • Radiation Security/Original Articles
  • Radiation Security/Original Articles
    Study on the core competence system of military medical emergency response to nuclear and radiation accidents
    JIANG Dejuan, WANG Mei, YIN Aimin, YANG Lin, LIU Chengjun, LUO Yu
    2020, 29(5): 559-562. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.028
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    Objective To establish a scientific and feasible core system of emergency medical nursing rescue for military hospital nuclear accidents by Delphi method.Methods Based on the theory of emergency medical treatment for nuclear and radiation accidents and the existing emergency nursing rescue process, 20 experts were consulted by two rounds of questionnaires through literature review, theoretical analysis and Delphi method, to construct the nursing core competence system.Results In the two rounds of consultation, the experts' positive coefficient was 100%, the authority coefficient was 0.82 and 0.86, and the coordination coefficient was 0.86 and 0.89. And the final nursing core competency system included 4 primary indicators and 35 secondary indicators.Conclusion This system covers the requirements of nursing work in emergency medical rescue of military nuclear and radiation accident, which is highly scientific and reliable, and can provide reference for the selection, pre-job training, and evaluation of military nuclear emergency rescue nursing professional team members. The basis is conducive to the formation of a standardized and systematic rescue system, as well as to improve the overall rescue efficiency.
  • Radiation Security/Original Articles
    Development and application of a virtual simulation training software for the nuclear accident medical rescue
    WANG Cheng, CHEN Shilei, RAN Xinze, WANG Junping, WANG Song
    2020, 29(5): 563-566. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.029
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    Objective To develop the virtual simulation training software for the nuclear accident medical rescue and evaluate its application effect in the nuclear emergency rescue training.Methods A subjective questionnaire survey and an objective test evaluation are employed to analyze the application effect of the training software. The improvement countermeasures for the software were discussed.Results The training software consisted of six modules: rescue preparation, detection and search, field first aid, contamination detection, wounded treatment, and decontamination, which integrated the tasks and basic procedures of nuclear emergency medical rescue, and improved the trainees' satisfaction with the training courses and rescue procedures. In order to improve the training effect, the software can be further upgraded. Teachers should optimize the curriculum setting and timely summarize.Conclusion The construction of the virtual simulation training software for the nuclear accident medical rescue is scientific and reasonable with good application effect and high promotion value.
    • Supervision and Management/Original Articles
  • Supervision and Management/Original Articles
    Analysis of radioactive source sales industry and research on radiation safety supervision countermeasures
    YANG Yong, YANG Ruihong, YAN Feilai, JU Zhihao
    2020, 29(5): 567-569,579. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.030
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    The sale of radioactive sources is an important part of the nuclear technology utilization, which runs through the whole process of radioactive sources flow from production to end-user. This paper classifies the sales units, summarizes the specific elements and general elements checklist of radioactive source sales supervision by combing and analyzing the radioactive source sales process and sales activities, and provides basis for radiation safety supervision of radioactive source sales industry, which will help to improve the scientificity and standardization of supervision.
  • Supervision and Management/Original Articles
    The new practice and suggestion of radiation emergency drill
    HUANG Yilin, GONG Xingjian, MAO Weixin, LIN Chen, FENG Liangliang, XU Minfa
    2020, 29(5): 570-574. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.031
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    In order to improve the emergency response capability of the nuclear and radiation emergency team, and improve the radiation emergency response system for radiation accidents，Guangxi has organized a major radiation accident simulation using a real high-risk radioactive source and superimposed land monitoring emergency drill of nuclear accident. This paper analyzed the emergency drill from the aspects of scenario design, emergency monitoring and disposal, command and dispatching and so on. It was found that the radiation emergency plan and relevant procedural documents of Guangxi need to be further revised and improved. It was further proposed that we should strengthen the practical emergency exercise, strengthen the construction of emergency monitoring and disposal capacity, and accelerate the development and application of advanced instruments and equipment, so as to ensure the nuclear and radiation safety more effectively.
    • Review Articles
  • Review Articles
    Study on patient dose and image quality of low-dose CT in lung scanning
    ZHAO Xipeng, XU Hui, HUANG Zhuo, YUE Baorong
    2020, 29(5): 575-579. https://doi.org/10.13491/j.issn.1004-714X.2020.05.032
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    Without affecting the acquisition of sufficient diagnostic information, low-dose CT scan can significantly reduce the radiation dose of patients in the screening of lung diseases, such as lung cancer, pneumonia, pulmonary vascular diseases, which mainly achieved by reducing tube voltage and tube current. At present, the main way of research is to scan the clinical subjects and anthropomorphic lung phantom, and then the doctors’ subjective judgment is used to evaluate the image quality of low-dose CT. Most studies had reported that the low dose CT combined with IMR algorithm can achieve subjectively satisfactory image quality under the condition of greatly reducing the tube current. Although there is no recognized scanning parameters, low-dose CT will be widely used in clinical screening and diagnosis of lung diseases with the rising awareness of radiation protection and in-depth research.